Kemal Ataturk | Biography, Reforms, Death, & Facts | Britannica

Mustafa Kemal Pasha (1881-1938), also referred to as Kemal Ataturk ('Father of the Turks') served in field commands during World War One and subsequently became Born in Salonika Kemal graduated from the Turkish Military Academy in 1902. Chiefly interested in military progression he nevertheless...Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was born simply "Mustafa" in the early months of 1881, in Salonika, in what was then the Ottoman Empire (his birthplace is now known as Thessalonika, in modern-day Greece). When he was 12 years old, Mustafa was sent to the military academy in Istanbul.Mustafa Kemal: Muslim Modernity Mustafa Kemal (March 12, 1881 - November 10, 1938), was a Turkish nationalist The previous section described the... It is the second statement of the Islamic doctrine 'al-amr bil-maruf wa nahy an al-munkar' that can can be considered the foundation of Hisbah.Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, İstanbul Hükûmeti tarafından 9'uncu Ordu Müfettişi olarak Samsun'da görevlendirildiğinde 19 Mayıs 1919'da Samsun'a... - Aile & Toplum Sorusu.Kemal Atatürk (or alternatively written as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1934, commonly referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; c. 1881 - 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal...

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk - Facts, Death & Quotes - Biography

Information on Mustafa Kemal as a donmeh (It is interesting that the Jews refer to the donmeh, or, more correctly, the Sabbateans, as cultists - minim. Another well-known Western publication, the American Literary Digest, describes Mustafa Kemal in 1922 as "[a] Spanish Jew by ancestry, an...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881 in Salonika (now Thessaloniki) in what was then the Ottoman Empire. His father was a minor official and later a timber merchant. When Atatürk was 12, he was sent to military school and then to the military academy in Istanbul, graduating in 1905.Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was born in 1881 in a shabby quarter of Salonika. After resigning from his job as a petty Government clerk, his father, Ali Riza, twice failed in business, sought escape from his miseries in alcohol and died of tuberculosis when Mustafa was only seven years old.Mustafa, who became Mustafa Kemal as a teenager and then Mustafa Kemal Atatürk late in life, was born around 1881 in the city of Salonica (now Thessaloniki, Greece), which at that time was part of the Ottoman Empire. His family was middle-class, Turkish-speaking and Muslim.

Mustafa Kemal: Essay - 1697 Words

Main article: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life. Mustafa was born in either the Ahmed Subaşı neighbourhood or the Islahhane Street Mustafa Kemal Bey (fourth from right) listening to the explanation of French Colonel Auguste Edouard Hirschauer during the Picardie army manoeuvres.Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was born in 1881 in the former Ottoman Empire. As a young man he was involved with the Young Turks, a revolutionary group that deposed the sultan in 1909. Ataturk led the Turkish War of Independence and signed the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, which made Turkey a...Which statement describes Mustafa Kemal? A. He served as the last Shah of Iran. B. He became the first president of Turkey. C. He helped found the Muslim Brotherhood. Which statement describes Mustafa Kemal?Kemal Atatürk (or alternatively written as Kamâl Atatürk; 1881 - November 10, 1938), also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Turkish: Mustafa Kemal Paşa) and often called Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was a Turkish military commander of the Ottoman Army during World War I and the founding father of the...Kemal Atatürk (or alternatively written as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1934, commonly referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; 1881 - 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.

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Halâskâr Gazi[1]MareşalKemal Atatürk1st President of TurkeyIn office29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938Prime Ministerİsmet İnönüFethi OkyarCelâl BayarPreceded viaOffice establishedSucceeded byİsmet İnönü1st Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National AssemblyIn office3 May 1920 – 24 January 1921DeputyFevzi ÇakmakPreceded viaOffice establishedSucceeded byFevzi Çakmak1st Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of TurkeyIn office24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923Preceded throughOffice establishedSucceeded byFethi Okyar1st Leader of the Republican People's PartyIn office9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938Preceded by way ofOffice establishedSucceeded byİsmet İnönüPersonal detailsBornAli Rıza oğlu Mustafa(Mustafa son of Ali Rıza)circa 1881Salonica, Salonica Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (now Thessaloniki, Greece)Died10 November 1938 (elderly 57)Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, TurkeyResting positionEthnography Museum, Ankara (21 November 1938 – 10 November 1953)Anıtkabir, Ankara (since 10 November 1953)NationalityTurkishPolitical partyRepublican People's PartyOther politicalaffiliationsMotherland and LibertyCommittee of Union and Progress (1907–1918)Association for the Defence of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia (till 1923)Spouse(s)Latife Uşaklıgil (1923–25)ParentsAli Rıza EfendiZübeyde HanımRelatives3, include Makbule AtadanAwardsList (24 medals)SignatureMilitary providerAllegiance Ottoman Empire (1893–1919) Ankara Government (1921–1923) Turkey (1923–1927)Branch/provider Ottoman Army Army of the GNA Turkish ArmyRankMajor General (Ottoman Army)Marshal (Turkish Army)Commands nineteenth Division 16th Corps 2d Army 7th Army Yıldırım Army Group Army of Grand National AssemblyBattles/wars List Italo-Turkish WarTobrukDerna Balkan WarsBulairAdrianople II World War IAnzac CoveBaby way of 700No.Three PostNekChunuk BairScimitar HillHill 60Suvla BaySari BairBitlisSouthern PalestineTransjordan IIINablusMegiddoJisr ed DamiehSamakhDamascusJisr Benat YakubKisweKaukabPursuit to HaritanKhan AyashAleppoCharge at Haritan Greco-Turkish WarSakaryaGreat Offensive Graphical timeline Detailed chronology This article is a part of a series aboutMustafa Kemal Atatürk

Personal life

Birth date Name Early life Family Religious beliefs Will Publications

Family and kin

Ali Rıza Efendi Zübeyde Hanım Makbule Atadan Latife Uşaki Fikriye Ülkü Adatepe Sabiha Gökçen Zehra Aylin Rukiye Erkin Nebile İrdelp Abdurrahim Tuncak Afet İnan Mustafa Demir (officer) Mecdi Boysan FoksMilitary careerTobruk Anzac Cove Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Sari Bair Bitlis Sakarya Great Offensive

Reforms

Turkification Political Abolition of the sultanate Abolition of the caliphate Citizen, discuss Turkish! Turkish language reform Surname Law State Art and Sculpture Museum

Kemalism

"Peace at Home, Peace in the World" Republican People's Party Historiography NutukAlsoAttempted assassination Death and state funeral Mausoleum Centennial Timeline Cult of character Atatürk International Peace Prize

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Kemal Atatürk[2] (or alternatively written as Kamâl Atatürk,[3]Mustafa Kemal Pasha[a]till 1934, usually referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk;[b]c. 1881[c] – 10 November 1938) was once a Turkish box marshal, progressive statesman, writer, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his dying in 1938. He undertook sweeping modern reforms, which modernized Turkey into a mundane, commercial country.[4][5][6] Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his insurance policies and theories turned into known as Kemalism. Due to his military and political accomplishments, Atatürk is thought of as one of the important political leaders of the 20th century.[7]

Atatürk came to prominence for his function in securing the Ottoman Turkish victory on the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) all the way through World War I.[8] Following the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, he led the Turkish National Movement, which resisted mainland Turkey's partition some of the victorious Allied powers. Establishing a provisional authorities in the present-day Turkish capital Ankara (known in English at the time as Angora), he defeated the forces sent by way of the Allies, thus rising victorious from what was later known as the Turkish War of Independence. He therefore proceeded to abolish the decrepit Ottoman Empire and proclaimed the root of the Turkish Republic instead.

As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, financial, and cultural reforms with without equal aim of building a contemporary, progressive and secular nation-state. He made number one schooling free and obligatory, opening thousands of new schools in all places the country. He additionally introduced the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, replacing the outdated Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish ladies won equivalent civil and political rights all through Atatürk's presidency.[9] In particular, girls got voting rights in local elections via Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a couple of years later, in 1934, complete universal suffrage.[10]

His authorities performed a coverage of Turkification, trying to create a homogeneous and unified nation.[11][12][13] Under Atatürk, non-Turkish minorities have been stressed to talk Turkish in public;[14] non-Turkish toponyms and closing names of minorities had to be changed to Turkish renditions.[15][16] The Turkish Parliament granted him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which manner "Father of the Turks", in popularity of the role he played in development the modern Turkish Republic.[17] He died on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, on the age of 57;[18] he was once succeeded as President via his long-time Prime Minister İsmet İnönü[19] and was venerated with a state funeral. His iconic mausoleum in Ankara, constructed and opened in 1953, is surrounded by way of a park referred to as the Peace Park in honor of his well-known expression "Peace at Home, Peace in the World".

In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's beginning, his memory used to be honoured by way of the United Nations and UNESCO, which declared it The Atatürk Year in the World and followed the Resolution at the Atatürk Centennial, describing him as "the leader of the first struggle given against colonialism and imperialism" and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding between peoples and durable peace between the nations of the world and that he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation between peoples without distinction".[20][21] Atatürk is honored by many memorials and puts named in his honor in Turkey and all over the arena.

Early existence

Further information: Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk The area where Atatürk used to be born within the Ottoman city of Salonika (Thessaloniki in present-day Greece), now a museum The reconstructed house of Atatürk's paternal grandparents, in the Ottoman village of Kocacık (Kodžadžik in present-day North Macedonia)

Kemal Atatürk was born (under the identify Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa which means "Mustafa son of Ali Rıza") in the early months of 1881, both in the Ahmet Subaşı neighbourhood or at a space (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) within the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica (Selanik),[22]Ottoman Empire (Thessaloniki in present-day Greece). His folks had been Ali Rıza Efendi, a military officer originally from Kodžadžik, identify deed clerk and lumber trader, and Zübeyde Hanım. Only certainly one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named Makbule (Atadan) survived youth; she died in 1956.[23] According to Andrew Mango, his circle of relatives used to be Muslim, Turkish-speaking and precariously middle-class.[24] His father Ali Rıza is assumed to had been of Albanian foundation by way of some authors;[25][26][27] however, in line with Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamık D. Volkan, Norman Itzkowitz, Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal and Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, Ali Rıza's ancestors were Turks, in the end descending from Söke in the Aydın Province of Anatolia.[28][29][30][31][32][33] His mom Zübeyde is assumed to have been of Turkish beginning,[26][27] and according to Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, she was of Yörük ancestry.[34] According to other resources, he used to be Jewish (Scholem, 2007) or Bulgarian (Tončeva, 2009).[35] Due to the massive Jewish group of Salonica in the Ottoman duration, lots of the Islamist combatants who have been disturbed via his reforms claimed that Atatürk had Dönmeh ancestors, this is Jews who transformed to Islam publicly, however nonetheless secretly retained their belief in Judaism.[36]

He was born Mustafa, and his second title Kemal (meaning Perfection or Maturity) was given to him through his arithmetic teacher, Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi, "in admiration of his capability and maturity" consistent with Afet İnan,[37][38] and, according to Ali Fuat Cebesoy, as a result of his teacher sought after to distinguish his pupil who had the same identify as him,[39] even supposing biographer Andrew Mango means that he may have selected the identify himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet Namık Kemal.[40] In his early years, his mom encouraged Atatürk to wait a religious faculty, one thing he did reluctantly and only briefly. Later, he attended the Şemsi Efendi School (a non-public school with a more secular curriculum) at the route of his father. When he used to be seven years outdated, his father died.[41] His mom sought after him to be told a industry, however with out consulting them, Atatürk took the doorway exam for the Salonica Military School (Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi) in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled in the Monastir Military High School (in trendy Bitola, North Macedonia). On 14 March 1899,[42] he enrolled on the Ottoman Military Academy within the neighbourhood of Pangaltı[43] throughout the Şişli district of the Ottoman capital city Constantinople (fashionable Istanbul) and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the Ottoman Military College in Constantinople on 11 January 1905.[42]

Military profession

Main article: Military profession of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Early years See also: Vatan ve Hürriyet, Committee of Union and Progress, and Young Turk Revolution Atatürk at the day of commencement from the War Academy in 1905

Shortly after commencement, he used to be arrested through the police for his anti-monarchist actions. Following confinement for several months he was once released simplest with the support of Rıza Pasha, his former school director.[44] After his unencumber, Atatürk was assigned to the Fifth Army based in Damascus as a Staff Captain[42] in the corporate of Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) and Lütfi Müfit (Özdeş).[45] He joined a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by way of a merchant Mustafa Elvan (Cantekin) referred to as Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Liberty"). On 20 June 1907, he used to be promoted to the rank of Senior Captain (Kolağası) and on 13 October 1907, was assigned to the headquarters of the Third Army in Manastır.[46] He joined the Committee of Union and Progress, with membership quantity 322, although in later years he become recognized for his opposition to, and widespread complaint of, the policies pursued via the CUP leadership. On 22 June 1908, he was once appointed the Inspector of the Ottoman Railways in Eastern Rumelia (Doğu Rumeli Bölgesi Demiryolları Müfettişi).[46] In July 1908, he performed a role in the Young Turk Revolution which seized energy from Sultan Abdülhamid II and restored the constitutional monarchy.

Atatürk (entrance row, second from left) with the Ottoman Turkish observers at the Picardie military manoeuvres in France, 28 September 1910

He used to be proposing depoliticization in the military, a suggestion which used to be disliked via the leaders of the CUP. As a end result, he was despatched away to Tripolitania Vilayet (present Libya, then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908.[44] According to Mikush however, he volunteered for this undertaking.[47] He suppressed the rebellion and returned to Constantinople in January 1909.

In April 1909 in Constantinople, a bunch of squaddies started a counter-revolution (see 31 March Incident). Atatürk was once instrumental in suppressing the rise up.[48]

In 1910, he used to be called to the Ottoman provinces in Albania.[49][50] At that time Isa Boletini was main Albanian uprisings in Kosovo, and there were revolts in Albania as neatly.[51][52] In 1910, Atatürk met with Eqerem Vlora, the Albanian lord, politician, creator, and some of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.[53][54]

Later, within the autumn of 1910, he was a few of the Ottoman military observers who attended the Picardie army manoeuvres in France,[55] and in 1911, served at the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Constantinople for a little while.

Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) Main article: Italo-Turkish War See also: Battle of Tobruk (1911) Atatürk (left) with an Ottoman army officer and Bedouin forces in Derna, Tripolitania Vilayet, 1912

In 1911, he volunteered to battle within the Italo-Turkish War[56] within the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet (present-day Libya).[57] He served mainly in the spaces near Derna and Tobruk.[56] The invading Italian military had a strength of 150,000 males;[58] it used to be opposed through 20,000 Bedouins and eight,000 Turks.[59] A short while ahead of Italy declared struggle, lots of the Ottoman troops in Libya had been despatched to the Ottoman province of Yemen Vilayet to put down the insurrection there, so the Ottoman authorities was caught with insufficient assets to counter the Italians in Libya. Britain, which controlled the Ottoman provinces of Egypt and Sudan, didn't permit additional Ottoman troops to succeed in Libya through Egypt. Ottoman soldiers like Atatürk went to Libya both dressed as Arabs (risking imprisonment if spotted through the British authorities in Egypt) or by way of the only a few to be had ferries (the Italians, who had superior naval forces, successfully managed the sea routes to Tripoli). However, regardless of all of the hardships, Atatürk's forces in Libya controlled to repel the Italians on a number of events, similar to at the Battle of Tobruk on 22 December 1911.

During the Battle of Derna on 16–17 January 1912, whilst Atatürk was once assaulting the Italian-controlled fortress of Kasr-ı Harun, two Italian planes dropped bombs at the Ottoman forces; a limestone splinter from a damaged building's rubble struck Atatürk's left eye, inflicting everlasting tissue harm, however not total lack of sight. He gained scientific treatment for almost a month; he attempted to go away the Red Crescent's well being amenities after simplest two weeks, but if his eye's state of affairs worsened, he had to go back and resume treatment. On 6 March 1912, Atatürk turned into the Commander of the Ottoman forces in Derna. He controlled to protect and retain town and its surrounding area until the end of the Italo-Turkish War on 18 October 1912. Atatürk, Enver Bey, Fethi Bey, and the opposite Ottoman military commanders in Libya had to return to Ottoman Europe following the outbreak of the Balkan Wars on 8 October 1912. Having misplaced the conflict, the Ottoman authorities needed to give up Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica (3 provinces forming present-day Libya) to the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Lausanne (1912) signed ten days later, on 18 October 1912 (since 1923, historians have most popular to call this treaty because the "Treaty of Ouchy", after the Château d'Ouchy in Lausanne where it was signed, to tell apart it from the later Treaty of Lausanne (1923) signed between the Allies of World War I and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara (at that time referred to as Angora).[60]

Balkan Wars (1912–13) Main article: Balkan Wars See additionally: First Balkan War and Second Balkan War

On 1 December 1912, Atatürk arrived at his new headquarters at the Gallipoli peninsula and, all the way through the First Balkan War, he took section within the amphibious touchdown at Bulair on the coast of Thrace underneath Binbaşı Fethi Bey, however this offensive used to be repulsed all the way through the Battle of Bulair through Georgi Todorov's 7th Rila Infantry Division[61] underneath the command of Stiliyan Kovachev's Bulgarian Fourth Army.[62]

In June 1913, all through the Second Balkan War, he took part within the Ottoman Army forces[63] commanded by way of Kaymakam Enver Bey that recovered Dimetoka and Edirne (Adrianople, the capital town of the Ottoman Empire between 1365 and 1453, thus of utmost historic importance for the Turks) along with maximum of japanese Thrace from the Bulgarians.

In 1913, he used to be appointed the Ottoman military attaché to all Balkan states (his office was in Sofia, Bulgaria) and promoted to the rank of Kaymakam (Lieutenant Colonel / Colonel) on 1 March 1914.[42] While in Bulgaria, he met with Dimitrina Kovacheva, the daughter of Bulgarian basic Stiliyan Kovachev (towards whose forces he had fought all the way through the Balkan Wars), who had lately finished her training in Switzerland, all the way through a New Year's Eve ball in Sofia and fell in love along with her.[64] The two danced on the ball and began to secretly date within the following days.[64] Atatürk two times requested Dimitrina's folks for his or her permission to marry her (the second one time was once in 1915, all over World War I) and was once two times refused, which left him with a lifelong sadness.[64]

First World War (1914–18) Main article: World War I See also: Gallipoli Campaign and Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Cevat Pasha and Atatürk at the day-to-day Tasvîr-i Efkâr dated 29 October 1915

In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the European and Middle Eastern theatres of World War I allied with the Central Powers. Atatürk was given the duty of organizing and commanding the 19th Division attached to the Fifth Army all over the Battle of Gallipoli. He turned into the front-line commander after as it should be anticipating where the Allies would assault, and held his position till they retreated. Following the Battle of Gallipoli, Atatürk served in Edirne till 14 January 1916. He was then assigned to the command of the XVI Corps of the Second Army and despatched to the Caucasus Campaign after the massive Russian offensive had reached key Anatolian towns. On 7 August, he rallied his troops and fixed a counteroffensive.[65] Two of his divisions captured Bitlis and Muş, scary the calculations of the Russian Command.[66]

Atatürk with Ottoman military officials all through the Battle of Gallipoli, Çanakkale, 1915

Following this victory, the CUP authorities in Constantinople proposed to ascertain a brand new military in Hejaz (Hicaz Kuvve-i Seferiyesi) and appoint Atatürk to its command, but he refused the proposal and this army was never established.[55] Instead, on 7 March 1917, Atatürk was once promoted from the command of the XVI Corps to the entire command of the Second Army, even supposing the Czar's armies have been soon withdrawn when the Russian Revolution erupted.[55][65]

In July 1917, he was appointed to the command of the Seventh Army, replacing Fevzi Pasha on 7 August 1917, who used to be beneath the command of the German basic Erich von Falkenhayn's Yildirim Army Group (after the British forces of General Edmund Allenby captured Jerusalem in December 1917, Erich von Falkenhayn was changed via Otto Liman von Sanders who was the brand new commander of the Yıldırım Army Group in early 1918.)[55] Atatürk did not get alongside smartly with General von Falkenhayn and, together with Miralay İsmet Bey, wrote a report to Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha regarding the grim state of affairs and lack of good enough resources in the Palestinian entrance. However, Talaat Pasha omitted their observations and refused their suggestion to shape a stronger line of defense to the north, in Ottoman Syria (in parts of the Beirut Vilayet, Damascus Vilayet, and Aleppo Vilayet), with Turks instead of Germans in command.[55] Following the rejection of his file, Atatürk resigned from the Seventh Army and returned to Constantinople.[55] There, he was assigned with the task of accompanying the crown prince (and future sultan) Mehmed Vahideddin all through his teach travel to Austria-Hungary and Germany.[55] While in Germany, Atatürk visited the German lines on the Western Front and concluded that the Central Powers would soon lose the struggle.[55] He didn't hesitate to overtly specific this opinion to Kaiser Wilhelm II and his high-ranking generals in individual.[55] During the go back trip, he in short stayed in Karlsbad and Vienna for medical remedy.[55]

Atatürk in 1918, the Commander of the Yıldırım Army Group and an Honorary aide-de-camp of the Sultan

When Mehmed VI became the brand new Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in July 1918, he known as Atatürk to Constantinople, and in August 1918, assigned him to the command of the Seventh Army in Palestine.[55] Atatürk arrived in Aleppo on 26 August 1918, then endured south to his headquarters in Nablus. The Seventh Army was once retaining the central sector of the entrance traces. On 19 September, at the start of the Battle of Megiddo, the Eighth Army was once holding the coastal flank but fell apart and Liman Pasha ordered the Seventh Army to withdraw to the north so as to prevent the British from engaging in a short envelopment to the Jordan River. The Seventh Army retired in opposition to the Jordan River but used to be destroyed through British aerial bombardment during its retreat from Nablus on 21 September 1918.[67] Nevertheless, Atatürk controlled to form a defence line to the north of Aleppo. According to Lord Kinross, Atatürk was the one Turkish normal within the battle who never suffered a defeat.[68]

The warfare ended with the Armistice of Mudros which used to be signed on 30 October 1918, and all German and Austro-Hungarian troops in the Ottoman Empire have been granted plentiful time to withdraw. On 31 October, Atatürk used to be appointed to the command of the Yıldırım Army Group, changing Liman von Sanders. Atatürk organized the distribution of weapons to the civilians in Antep in case of a defensive conflict against the invading Allies.[55]

Atatürk's closing active carrier within the Ottoman Army was organizing the go back of the Ottoman troops left behind to the south of the defensive position. In early November 1918, the Yıldırım Army Group was once officially dissolved, and Atatürk returned to an occupied Constantinople, the Ottoman capital, on 13 November 1918.[55] For a period of time, he worked on the headquarters of the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Constantinople and continued his actions in this city till 16 May 1919.[55] Along the established strains of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, the Allies (British, Italian, French and Greek forces) occupied Anatolia. The occupation of Constantinople, adopted by way of the career of İzmir (the two biggest Ottoman cities on the time) sparked the establishment of the Turkish National Movement and the Turkish War of Independence.[69]

Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) Main article: Turkish War of Independence See also: Military profession of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk § War of Independence Atatürk (appropriate) in Angora (Ankara) with İsmet Pasha (left)

On 30 April 1919, Fahri Yaver-i Hazret-i Şehriyari ("Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan") Mirliva Atatürk used to be assigned as the inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate to reorganize what remained of the Ottoman army units and to support interior safety.[70] On 19 May 1919, he reached Samsun. His first goal was the establishment of an organized nationwide motion against the occupying forces. In June 1919, he issued the Amasya Circular, declaring the independence of the country was once in peril. He resigned from the Ottoman Army on 8 July, and the Ottoman government issued a warrant for his arrest. But Kâzım Karabekir and other military commanders energetic in Eastern Anatolia followed Atatürk's lead and acknowledged him as their leader.[71] Later, he used to be condemned to demise.

On 4 September 1919, he assembled a congress in Sivas. Those who antagonistic the Allies in quite a lot of provinces in Turkey issued a declaration named Misak-ı Millî ("National Pact"). Atatürk was once appointed as the pinnacle of the chief committee of the Congress. This gave him the legitimacy he needed for his long run politics.[72] (see Sivas Congress)

The last election to the Ottoman parliament held in December 1919 gave a sweeping majority to applicants of the "Association for Defence of Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia" (Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti), headed by way of Atatürk, who himself remained in Angora, now known as Ankara. The fourth (and closing) term of the parliament opened in Constantinople on 12 January 1920. It used to be dissolved via British forces on 18 March 1920, in a while after it adopted the Misak-ı Millî ("National Pact"). Atatürk known as for a countrywide election to establish a new Turkish Parliament seated in Angora.[73] – the "Grand National Assembly" (GNA). On 23 April 1920, the GNA opened with Atatürk because the speaker; this act effectively created the location of diarchy within the country.[74] In May 1920 the facility battle between the two governments led to a loss of life sentence in absentia for Mustafa Kemal by the Turkish courts-martial.[75]

Prominent nationalists on the Sivas Congress, left to appropriate: Muzaffer (Kılıç), Rauf (Orbay), Bekir Sami (Kunduh), Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), Ruşen Eşref (Ünaydın), Cemil Cahit (Toydemir), Cevat Abbas (Gürer)

On 10 August 1920, the Ottoman Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha signed the Treaty of Sèvres, finalizing plans for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, together with the regions that Turkish nationals considered as their heartland. Atatürk insisted at the country's whole independence and the safeguarding of pursuits of the Turkish majority on "Turkish soil". He persuaded the GNA to gather a National Army. The GNA military confronted the Caliphate army propped up by way of the Allied profession forces and had the speedy job of preventing the Armenian forces within the Eastern Front and the Greek forces advancing eastward from Smyrna (these days referred to as İzmir) that that they had occupied in May 1919, on the Western Front.[76]

The GNA army successes against the Democratic Republic of Armenia within the autumn of 1920 and later towards the Greeks had been made possible through a gradual provide of gold and armaments to the Kemalists from the Russian Bolshevik government from the autumn of 1920 onwards.[77]

Atatürk inspects the Turkish troops on 18 June 1922

After a sequence of battles right through the Greco-Turkish War, the Greek military advanced so far as the Sakarya River, just 80 kilometers west of the GNA. On 5 August 1921, Atatürk used to be promoted to commander in leader of the forces by way of the GNA.[78] The ensuing Battle of Sakarya was fought from 23 August–13 September 1921 and ended with the defeat of the Greeks. After this victory, Atatürk was once given the rank of Mareşal and the identify of Gazi by the Grand National Assembly on 19 September 1921. The Allies, ignoring the extent of Atatürk's successes, hoped to impose a modified version of the Treaty of Sèvres as a peace agreement on Angora, however the proposal was rejected. In August 1922, Atatürk launched an all-out attack on the Greek traces at Afyonkarahisar within the Battle of Dumlupınar, and Turkish forces regained regulate of İzmir on 9 September 1922.[79] On 10 September 1922, Atatürk sent a telegram to the League of Nations mentioning that the Turkish inhabitants used to be so labored up that the Ankara Government would no longer be accountable for the following massacres.[80]

Establishment of the Republic of Turkey See also: Treaty of Lausanne (1923) A British cartoon of 1923 satirising Atatürk's rule in Turkey

The Conference of Lausanne began on 21 November 1922. Turkey, represented via İsmet İnönü of the GNA, refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty,[81] such because the keep watch over of Turkish funds, the Capitulations, the Straits and different issues. Although the convention paused on 4 February, it persisted after 23 April basically specializing in the commercial problems.[66] On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed through the Powers with the GNA, thus recognising the latter as the government of Turkey.

On 29 October 1923, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed.[82] Since then, Republic Day has been celebrated as a countrywide vacation on that date.[83]

Presidency

For conceptual research, see Kemalism and Atatürk's Reforms.

With the institution of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the rustic began. The new government analyzed the institutions and constitutions of Western states equivalent to France, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland and tailored them to the desires and characteristics of the Turkish country. Highlighting the general public's lack of know-how relating to Atatürk's intentions, the public cheered: "We are returning to the days of the first caliphs."[84] Atatürk positioned Fevzi Çakmak, Kâzım Özalp, and İsmet İnönü in political positions the place they might institute his reforms. He capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military chief and spent the following years, up till his dying in 1938, instituting political, economic, and social reforms. In doing so, he transformed Turkish society from perceiving itself as a Muslim part of a vast Empire into a contemporary, democratic, and secular countryside. This had a good influence on human capital as a result of from then on, what mattered in class used to be science and training; Islam was once concentrated in mosques and spiritual puts.[85]

Domestic insurance policies Atatürk on the opening ceremony of the Samsun-Çarşamba railroad (1928)

Atatürk's fundamental guideline was all the independence of the country.[86] He clarified his position:

...through whole independence, we imply in fact complete economic, monetary, juridical, military, cultural independence and freedom in all matters. Being disadvantaged of independence in any of those is similar to the nation and nation being deprived of all its independence.[87]

He led wide-ranging reforms in social, cultural, and financial sides, setting up the brand new Republic's backbone of legislative, judicial, and economic structures. Though he was later idealized via some as an originator of sweeping reforms, many of his reformist ideas have been already commonplace in Ottoman intellectual circles on the turn of the twentieth century and have been expressed extra brazenly after the Young Turk Revolution.[88]

Atatürk created a banner to mark the adjustments between the previous Ottoman and the new republican rule. Each trade was once symbolized as an arrow in this banner. This defining ideology of the Republic of Turkey is known as the "Six Arrows", or Kemalism. Kemalism is according to Atatürk's conception of realism and pragmatism.[89] The fundamentals of nationalism, populism, and etatism have been all defined under the Six Arrows. These basics were not new in international politics or, certainly, a few of the elite of Turkey. What made them unique was that those interrelated fundamentals were explicitly formulated for Turkey's needs. A excellent instance is the definition and alertness of secularism; the Kemalist secular state considerably differed from predominantly Christian states.

Emergence of the state, 1923–1924 Atatürk in 1923, with participants of the Mevlevi Order, earlier than its institutional expression turned into illegal and their dervish lodge was turned into the Mevlana Museum. The Mevlevi Order controlled to become itself into a non-political group which still exists.

Atatürk's non-public magazine entries dated prior to the establishment of the republic in 1923 display that he believed in the significance of the sovereignty of the folk. In forging the new republic, the Turkish revolutionaries became their back on the perceived corruption and decadence of cosmopolitan Constantinople and its Ottoman heritage.[90] For example, they made Ankara (as Angora has been recognized in English since 1930), the country's new capital and reformed the Turkish postal carrier. Once a provincial the city deep in Anatolia, town was once thus changed into the middle of the independence movement. Atatürk wanted a "direct government by the Assembly"[91] and visualized a consultant democracy, parliamentary sovereignty, where the National Parliament will be the ultimate supply of energy.[91]

In the following years, he altered his stance moderately; the country wanted an immense quantity of reconstruction, and "direct government by the Assembly" may just now not survive in such an atmosphere. The revolutionaries confronted demanding situations from the supporters of the old Ottoman regime, and in addition from the supporters of more recent ideologies corresponding to communism and fascism. Atatürk saw the results of fascist and communist doctrines within the Nineteen Twenties and 1930s and rejected each.[92] He prevented the unfold into Turkey of the totalitarian celebration rule which held sway in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy.[93] Some perceived his opposition and silencing of these ideologies as a method of eliminating competition; others believed it used to be vital to offer protection to the young Turkish state from succumbing to the instability of recent ideologies and competing factions.[94] Under Atatürk, the arrest process referred to as the Arrests of 1927 (1927 Tevkifatı) used to be introduced, and a common arrest coverage was once installed place towards the Communist Party of Turkey contributors. Communist political figures akin to Hikmet Kıvılcımlı, Nâzım Hikmet, and Şefik Hüsnü have been tried and sentenced to prison phrases. Then, in 1937, a delegation headed through Atatürk made up our minds to censor the writings of Kıvılcımlı as damaging communist propaganda.[95][96][97]

In 1924, during his speech in Bursa

The center of the new republic was once the GNA, established throughout the Turkish War of Independence by means of Atatürk.[98] The elections were loose and used an egalitarian electoral gadget that was in keeping with a basic ballot.[98] Deputies on the GNA served because the voice of Turkish society by way of expressing its political views and personal tastes. It had the precise to select and control each the federal government and the Prime Minister. Initially, it also acted as a legislative power, controlling the manager branch and, if important, served as an organ of scrutiny underneath the Turkish Constitution of 1921.[98] The Turkish Constitution of 1924 set a loose separation of powers between the legislative and the manager organs of the state, whereas the separation of those two within the judiciary system used to be a strict one. Atatürk, then the President, occupied a dominant place on this political system.

The one-party regime was established de facto in 1925 after the adoption of the 1924 charter. The handiest political celebration of the GNA used to be the "People's Party", founded by means of Atatürk on 9 September 1923. (But in line with the celebration culture the basis date was once the opening day of Sivas Congress on 4 September 1919). On 10 November 1924, it was renamed Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası or Republican People's Party (the phrase fırka used to be replaced by way of the phrase parti in 1935).

Civic independence and the Caliphate, 1924–1925 Atatürk throughout the Republic Day celebrations on the second anniversary of the Turkish Republic, 29 October 1925.

Abolition of the Caliphate used to be the most important dimension in Atatürk's force to reform the political gadget and to advertise national sovereignty. By the consensus of the Muslim majority in early centuries, the caliphate used to be the core political idea of Sunni Islam.[99] Abolishing the sultanate was more uncomplicated for the reason that survival of the Caliphate on the time glad the partisans of the sultanate. This produced a break up device with the brand new republic on one side and an Islamic form of government with the Caliph on the other facet, and Atatürk and İnönü nervous that "it nourished the expectations that the sovereign would return under the guise of Caliph."[100] Caliph Abdülmecid II used to be elected after the abolition of the sultanate (1922).

The caliph had his own private treasury and likewise had a private service that included military team of workers; Atatürk said that there used to be no "religious" or "political" justification for this. He believed that Caliph Abdülmecid II was following in the steps of the sultans in home and overseas affairs: accepting of and responding to international representatives and reserve officers, and participating in legit ceremonies and celebrations.[101] He sought after to combine the powers of the caliphate into the powers of the GNA. His preliminary actions started on 1 January 1924, when[101] İnönü, Çakmak, and Özalp consented to the abolition of the caliphate. The caliph made a statement to the impact that he would now not intervene with affairs of state.[102] On 1 March 1924, on the Assembly, Atatürk stated:

The religion of Islam will be increased if it'll cease to be a political software, as had been the case previously.[103]

On 3 March 1924, the caliphate used to be officially abolished and its powers inside of Turkey had been transferred to the GNA. Other Muslim countries debated the validity of Turkey's unilateral abolition of the caliphate as they determined whether or not they must confirm the Turkish motion or appoint a brand new caliph.[102] A "Caliphate Conference" used to be held in Cairo in May 1926 and a solution used to be passed mentioning the caliphate "a necessity in Islam", however failed to enforce this choice.[102]

Two other Islamic meetings have been held in Mecca (1926) and Jerusalem (1931), however failed to succeed in a consensus.[102] Turkey did not accept the re-establishment of the caliphate and perceived it as an attack to its fundamental life. Meanwhile, Atatürk and the reformists continued their own manner.[104]

On 8 April 1924, sharia courts had been abolished with the legislation "Mehakim-i Şer'iyenin İlgasına ve Mehakim Teşkilatına Ait Ahkamı Muaddil Kanun".[105][106]

The elimination of the caliphate was once adopted by an in depth effort to ascertain the separation of governmental and religious affairs. Education was once the cornerstone on this effort. In 1923, there have been 3 major educational teams of institutions. The most common institutions were medreses in line with Arabic, the Qur'an, and memorization. The second form of establishment was once idadî and sultanî, the reformist colleges of the Tanzimat technology. The remaining workforce integrated colleges and minority schools in international languages that used the most recent instructing models in instructing pupils. The outdated medrese training was modernized.[107] Atatürk changed the classical Islamic schooling for a vigorously promoted reconstruction of educational establishments.[107] He linked tutorial reform to the liberation of the country from dogma, which he believed was more important than the Turkish War of Independence. He declared:

Today, our most important and best task is the national education [unification and modernization] affairs. We must be a success in nationwide education affairs and we will be. The liberation of a nation is most effective achieved via this manner."[108]

In the summer time of 1924, Atatürk invited American instructional reformer John Dewey to Ankara to advise him on how to reform Turkish education.[107] His public schooling reforms aimed to organize electorate for roles in public lifestyles through expanding public literacy. He wanted to institute obligatory number one schooling for both girls and boys; since then this effort has been an ongoing job for the republic. He identified that probably the most main targets of education in Turkey had to be raising a technology nourished with what he called the "public culture". The state faculties established a commonplace curriculum which became referred to as the "unification of education."

Unification of education was put into drive on 3 March 1924 by the Law on Unification of Education (No. 430). With the new law, schooling turned into inclusive, organized on a model of the civil group. In this new design, all colleges submitted their curriculum to the "Ministry of National Education", a central authority company modelled after different international locations' ministries of training. Concurrently, the republic abolished the two ministries and made clergy subordinate to the dep. of spiritual affairs, one of the vital foundations of secularism in Turkey. The unification of schooling beneath one curriculum ended "clerics or clergy of the Ottoman Empire", however was not the tip of spiritual schools in Turkey; they have been moved to raised training till later governments restored them to their former position in secondary after Atatürk's dying.

Atatürk along with his Panama hat simply after the Kastamonu speech in 1925

Beginning in the fall of 1925, Atatürk inspired the Turks to put on fashionable European apparel.[109] He used to be determined to pressure the abandonment of the sartorial traditions of the Middle East and finalize a series of dress reforms, which were at the start began through Mahmud II.[109] The fez was once established by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 as a part of the Ottoman Empire's modernization effort. The Hat Law of 1925 presented the usage of Western-style hats as an alternative of the fez. Atatürk first made the hat compulsory for civil servants.[109] The guidelines for the right kind dressing of students and state staff were handed during his lifetime; many civil servants followed the hat willingly. In 1925, Atatürk wore a Panama hat during a public look in Kastamonu, one of the most conservative cities in Anatolia, to explain that the hat was once the headgear of civilized international locations. The ultimate part of reform on costume emphasized the wish to wear modern Western suits with neckties in addition to Fedora and Derby-style hats as an alternative of antiquated religion-based clothes such because the veil and turban in the Law Relating to Prohibited Garments of 1934.

Even despite the fact that he personally promoted modern dress for girls, Atatürk never made specific reference to ladies's clothes within the legislation, as he believed that women would adapt to the new clothing types of their very own free will. He was once frequently photographed on public trade together with his spouse Lâtife Uşaklıgil, who lined her head according to Islamic custom. He was additionally incessantly photographed on public trade with girls wearing modern Western garments. But it was once Atatürk's followed daughters, Sabiha Gökçen and Afet İnan, who equipped the real position style for the Turkish girls of the long run. He wrote: "The religious covering of women will not cause difficulty ... This simple style [of headcovering] is not in conflict with the morals and manners of our society."[110]

On 30 August 1925, Atatürk's view on religious insignia used out of doors places of worship was once offered in his Kastamonu speech. This speech also had another position. He stated:

In the face of knowledge, science, and of the whole extent of radiant civilization, I can't accept the presence in Turkey's civilized group of other people primitive sufficient to seek material and religious benefits within the steering of sheiks. The Turkish republic cannot be a rustic of sheiks, dervishes, and disciples. The very best, the truest order is the order of civilization. To be a man it is enough to perform the requirements of civilization. The leaders of dervish orders will understand the reality of my words, and will themselves close down their accommodations [tekke] and admit that their disciplines have grown up.[111][112]

On 2 September, the federal government issued a decree closing down all Sufi orders and the tekkes. Atatürk ordered their dervish accommodations to be transformed to museums, equivalent to Mevlana Museum in Konya. The institutional expression of Sufism become illegal in Turkey; a politically impartial type of Sufism, functioning as social associations, used to be accredited to exist.[113]

The abolition of the caliphate and other cultural reforms had been met with fierce opposition. The conservative parts weren't appreciative, and they launched attacks on the Kemalist reformists.[102]

Opposition to Atatürk in 1924–1927 Atatürk is greeted by means of marines in Büyükada (14 July 1927)

In 1924, whilst the "Issue of Mosul" used to be at the desk, Sheikh Said started to arrange the Sheikh Said Rebellion. Sheikh Said was once a wealthy Kurdish tribal chief of an area Naqshbandi order in Diyarbakır. He emphasised the issue of faith; he no longer best opposed the abolition of the Caliphate, but also the adoption of civil codes based on Western fashions, the closure of spiritual orders, the ban on polygamy, and the new obligatory civil marriage. Sheikh stirred up his followers towards the insurance policies of the federal government, which he thought to be anti-Islamic. In an effort to restore Islamic regulation, Sheik's forces moved in the course of the countryside, seized authorities places of work and marched at the essential towns of Elazığ and Diyarbakır.[114] Members of the government saw the Sheikh Said Rebellion as an attempt at a counter-revolution. They instructed speedy army motion to stop its spread. With the strengthen of Mustafa Kemal, the acting prime minister Ali Fethi (Okyar) changed with Ismet Inönü who on the 3 March 1925 ordered the invocation of the "Law for the Maintenance of Order" with a view to take care of the rebel. It gave the government outstanding powers and incorporated the authority to shut down subversive groups.[115] The regulation was repealed in March 1927.[116]

There have been additionally parliamentarians in the GNA who weren't proud of these changes. So many members had been denounced as opposition sympathizers at a non-public meeting of the Republican People's Party (CHP) that Atatürk expressed his concern of being among the minority in his personal celebration.[117] He decided to not purge this staff.[117] After a censure movement gave the risk to have a breakaway group, Kâzım Karabekir, in conjunction with his buddies, established such a crew on 17 October 1924. The censure was a confidence vote on the CHP for Atatürk. On 8 November, the movement was rejected by means of 148 votes to 18, and 41 votes were absent.[117] The CHP held all however one seat within the parliament. After the majority of the CHP selected him,[117] Atatürk mentioned, "the Turkish nation is firmly determined to advance fearlessly on the path of the republic, civilization and progress".[117]

On 17 November 1924, the breakaway team established the Progressive Republican Party (PRP) with 29 deputies and the primary multi-party device began. Some of Atatürk's closest buddies who had supported him in the early days of the War of Independence akin to Rauf Bey (later Rauf Orbay), Refet Pasha, and Ali Fuat Pasha (later Ali Fuat Cebesoy) had been some of the members of the new get together. The PRP's financial program prompt liberalism, by contrast to the state socialism of the CHP, and its social program used to be in response to conservatism in contrast to the modernism of the CHP. Leaders of the party strongly supported the Kemalist revolution in idea, however had other opinions on the cultural revolution and the main of secularism.[118] The PRP used to be not against Atatürk's major positions as declared in its program; they supported organising secularism within the country and the civil law, or as mentioned, "the needs of the age" (article 3) and the uniform system of education (article 49).[119] These ideas have been set through the leaders at the onset. The best prison opposition was a house for a wide variety of differing views.

During 1926, a plot to assassinate Atatürk was once uncovered in Smyrna (İzmir). It originated with a former deputy who had hostile the abolition of the Caliphate. What firstly was an inquiry into the planners shifted to a sweeping investigation. Ostensibly, its aims have been to uncover subversive actions, but in truth, the investigation was once used to undermine the ones disagreeing with Atatürk's cultural revolution. The investigation brought quite a lot of political activists prior to the tribunal, together with Karabekir, the chief of the PRP. A variety of surviving leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress, including Mehmet Cavid, Ahmed Şükrü, and İsmail Canbulat, were discovered to blame of treason and hanged.[120] Because the investigation found a link between the members of the PRP and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, the PRP used to be dissolved following the outcomes of the trial. The development of arranged opposition was once damaged; this motion used to be to be the one wide political purge throughout Atatürk's presidency. Atatürk's statement, "My mortal body will turn into dust, but the Republic of Turkey will last forever," was once thought to be a will after the assassination try.[121]

Modernization efforts, 1926–1930 Atatürk at the 1927 opening of the State Art and Sculpture Museum

In the years following 1926, Atatürk presented an intensive departure from earlier reformations established by way of the Ottoman Empire.[122] For the first time in historical past, Islamic regulation was separated from secular legislation and limited to matters of religion.[122] He stated:

We should unlock our ideas of justice, our laws and our criminal institutions from the bonds which, despite the fact that they're incompatible with the needs of our century, still hold a decent grip on us.[123]

Atatürk on the library of the Çankaya Presidential Residence in Ankara, on 16 July 1929

On 1 March 1926, the Turkish penal code, modelled after the Italian penal code, was once passed. On 4 October 1926, Islamic courts have been closed. Establishing the civic regulation needed time, so Atatürk not on time the inclusion of the primary of laïcité (the constitutional theory of secularism in France) till 5 February 1937.

Atatürk attending a class at the Law School of the Istanbul House of Multiple Sciences in 1930

In keeping with the Islamic practice of intercourse segregation, Ottoman apply discouraged social interplay between women and men. Atatürk started creating social reforms to address this factor very early, as was once evident in his personal journal. He and his body of workers discussed problems such as abolishing the veiling of women and integrating women into the outdoor global. His plans to surmount the duty were written in his magazine in November 1915:

The social change can come via (1) teaching succesful moms who are a professional about lifestyles; (2) giving freedom to women; (3) a man can change his morals, thoughts, and feelings via leading a commonplace life with a woman; as there is an inborn tendency towards the appeal of mutual affection.[124]

">Play media This documentary movie is about Atatürk and the modernization of the Turkish Republic.

Atatürk wanted a new civil code to determine his 2d primary step of giving freedom to ladies. The first section was once the schooling of women, a feat established with the unification of training. On 4 October 1926, the brand new Turkish civil code, modelled after the Swiss Civil Code, was once handed. Under the new code, girls gained equality with men in such issues as inheritance and divorce, since Atatürk did not believe gender a factor in social group. According to his view, society marched against its purpose with men and women united. He believed that it was once scientifically not possible for Turkey to achieve progress and become civilized if Ottoman gender separation persisted.[125] During a meeting he declaimed:

To the ladies: Win for us the fight of education and you'll do but extra for your country than we have been ready to do. It is to you that I appeal.To the lads: If henceforward the ladies don't share in the social lifetime of the country, we shall by no means attain to our full construction. We shall remain irremediably backward, incapable of treating on equal terms with the civilizations of the West.[126]

In 1927, the State Art and Sculpture Museum (Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi) opened its doorways. The museum highlighted sculpture, which was hardly practised in Turkey due to the Islamic custom of fending off idolatry. Atatürk believed that "culture is the foundation of the Turkish Republic,"[127] and described modern Turkey's ideological thrust as "a creation of patriotism blended with a lofty humanist ideal." He integrated both his own country's inventive legacy and what he saw as the admirable values of worldwide civilization. The pre-Islamic culture of the Turks changed into the subject of extensive research, and explicit emphasis used to be placed at the standard Turkish culture ahead of the Seljuk and Ottoman civilizations. He instigated find out about of Anatolian civilizations - Phrygians, Lydians, Sumerians, and Hittites. To draw in public consideration to previous cultures, he personally named the banks "Sümerbank" (1932) after the Sumerians and "Etibank" (1935) after the Hittites. He additionally wired the folks arts of the nation-state as a wellspring of Turkish creativity.

At the time, the republic used the Ottoman Turkish language written within the Arabic script with Arabic and Persian loan vocabulary.[107] However, as little as 10% of the population was literate. Furthermore, the American reformer John Dewey, invited through Atatürk to lend a hand in educational reform, discovered that learning easy methods to learn and write Turkish in the traditional Arabic script took roughly three years.[107] In the spring of 1928, Atatürk met in Ankara with several linguists and professors from all over Turkey to unveil his plan to enforce a brand new alphabet for the written Turkish language, in response to a modified Latin alphabet. The new Turkish alphabet would serve in its place for the outdated Arabic script and a strategy to the literacy downside, since the new alphabet didn't retain the complexities of the Arabic script and may well be learned inside of a few months.[20] When Atatürk asked the language experts how lengthy it might take to put into effect the new alphabet into the Turkish language, most of the professors and linguists stated between 3 and 5 years. Atatürk was mentioned to have scoffed and overtly said, "We shall do it in three to five months".[128]

Atatürk introducing the brand new Turkish alphabet to the folks of Kayseri on 20 September 1928

Over the following several months, Atatürk pressed for the creation of the new Turkish alphabet and made public bulletins of the upcoming overhaul. The introduction of the alphabet used to be undertaken via the Language Commission (Dil Encümeni) with the initiative of Atatürk.[107] On 1 November 1928, he introduced the new Turkish alphabet and abolished the use of the Arabic script. The first Turkish newspaper the usage of the brand new alphabet used to be printed on 15 December 1928. Atatürk himself travelled the geographical region in order to teach electorate the new alphabet. After lively campaigns, the literacy charge more than doubled from 10.6% in 1927 to 22.4% in 1940.[129] To complement the literacy reform, quite a few congresses had been arranged on clinical issues, education, history, economics, arts and language.[130] Libraries had been systematically advanced, and mobile libraries and guide delivery systems have been set as much as serve faraway districts.[131] Literacy reform was once also supported via strengthening the private publishing sector with a brand new regulation on copyrights.

Atatürk promoted trendy educating methods on the number one education level, and Dewey proved integral to the effort.[107] Dewey presented a paradigmatic set of suggestions designed for creating societies transferring against modernity in his "Report and Recommendation for the Turkish educational system".[107] He used to be taken with grownup schooling with the objective of forming a skill base in the country. Turkish ladies have been taught no longer most effective kid care, dress-making, and household management but additionally talents essential for becoming a member of the economic system outside the house. Atatürk's unified education program became a state-supervised device, which used to be designed to create a talent base for the social and financial progress of the country by means of instructing accountable citizens as well as helpful and preferred contributors of society.[132][107] In addition, Turkish schooling was an integrative system, aimed to alleviate poverty and used female schooling to determine gender equality. Atatürk himself put special emphasis on the schooling of women and supported coeducation, introducing it at college level in 1923–24 and establishing it because the norm all over the learning system through 1927.[133] Atatürk's reforms on schooling made it significantly extra available: between 1923 and 1938, the number of students attending primary schools higher through 224% (from 342,000 to 765,000), the number of scholars attending center faculties higher by way of 12.Five instances (from round 6,000 to 74,000), and the selection of scholars attending high schools larger by nearly 17 time (from 1,Two hundred to 21,000).[134]

In 1930, leaving the parliament after the 7th-year celebration meeting.

Atatürk generated media attention to propagate modern schooling throughout this era. He instigated official education meetings known as "Science Boards" and "Education Summits" to talk about the quality of training, coaching problems, and certain fundamental tutorial rules. He mentioned, "our [schools' curriculum] should aim to provide opportunities for all pupils to learn and to achieve." He used to be personally engaged with the improvement of 2 textbooks. The first one, Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler (Civic knowledge for the voters, 1930), introduced the science of comparative authorities and explained the method of administering public accept as true with through explaining the principles of governance as implemented to the new state institutions.[135] The second, Geometri (Geometry, 1937), was a text for top schools and presented most of the phrases recently used in Turkey to describe geometry.[136]

Opposition to Atatürk in 1930–1931

On 11 August 1930, Atatürk determined to try a multiparty movement once again and requested Fethi Okyar to ascertain a new occasion. Atatürk insisted on the coverage of secular reforms. The brand-new Liberal Republican Party succeeded everywhere in the country. However, without the establishment of an actual political spectrum, the occasion become the center to opposition of Atatürk's reforms, in particular in regard to the function of religion in public existence.

On 23 December 1930, a chain of violent incidents occurred, instigated by means of the revolt of Islamic fundamentalists in Menemen, a small the city within the Aegean Region. The Menemen Incident came to be considered a serious risk against secular reforms.

Atatürk with the Liberal Republican Party chief Fethi Okyar and his daughter in Yalova, on 13 August 1930

In November 1930, Ali Fethi Okyar dissolved his personal party. A more lasting multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey began in 1945. In 1950, the CHP ceded the majority position to the Democratic Party. This came amidst arguments that Atatürk's single-party rule did not promote direct democracy. The reason why experiments with pluralism failed right through this era used to be that now not all groups within the country had agreed to a minimal consensus regarding shared values (mainly secularism) and shared rules for struggle resolution. In reaction to such criticisms, Atatürk's biographer Andrew Mango writes: "between the two wars, democracy could not be sustained in many relatively richer and better-educated societies. Atatürk's enlightened authoritarianism left a reasonable space for free private lives. More could not have been expected in his lifetime."[137] Even regardless that, every now and then, he did not appear to be a democrat in his movements, Atatürk always supported the idea of establishing a civil society: a machine of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions versus the force-backed buildings of the state. In one of his many speeches about the significance of democracy, Atatürk stated in 1933:

Republic manner the democratic management of the state. We based the Republic, reaching its 10th year. It should put in force all the necessities of democracy as the time comes.[138]

Modernization efforts, 1931–1938 In 1931, all over the establishment ceremony of the Turkish History Institution. Atatürk is status with Afet İnan (on his left) and Yusuf Akçura (first from the left). Atatürk on the opening of the Türkkuşu flight school in Etimesgut on 3 May 1935

In 1931, Atatürk established the Turkish Language Association (Türk Dil Kurumu) for accomplishing analysis works within the Turkish language. The Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) was once established in 1931, and began maintaining archives in 1932 for conducting research works on the history of Turkey.[139] On 1 January 1928, he established the Turkish Education Association,[139] which supported clever and hard-working kids in monetary need, in addition to subject material and medical contributions to the educational lifestyles. In 1933, Atatürk ordered the reorganization of Istanbul University into a contemporary establishment and later established Ankara University within the capital city.[140]

Atatürk handled the translation of clinical terminology into Turkish.[141] He sought after the Turkish language reform to be methodologically founded. Any attempt to "cleanse" the Turkish language of international affect without modelling the integral structure of the language was once inherently improper to him. He for my part oversaw the advance of the Sun Language Theory (Güneş Dil Teorisi), which was a linguistic principle which proposed that each one human languages have been descendants of one Central Asian primal language. His ideas might be traced to the work by the French scientist Hilaire de Barenton titled L'Origine des Langues, des Religions et des Peuples, which postulates that all languages originated from hieroglyphs and cuneiform used by Sumerians,[142] and the paper via Austrian linguist Dr. Hermann F. Kvergić of Vienna titled "La psychologie de quelques éléments des langues Turques" ("the psychology of some elements of the Turkic Languages").[143] Atatürk officially introduced the Sun Language Theory into Turkish political and educational circles in 1935, even supposing he did later correct the extra extremist practices.[141]

Saffet Arıkan, a political candidate who used to be the head of the Turkish Language Association, mentioned "Ulu Önderimiz Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal" ("Our Great Leader Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal") within the opening speech of the second Language Day on 26 September 1934. Later, the surname "Atatürk" ("father of the Turks") used to be approved as the surname of Mustafa Kemal after the adoption of the Surname Law in 1934.[144]

Beginning in 1932, a number of hundred "People's Houses" (Halkevleri) and "People's Rooms" (Halkodaları) around the nation allowed higher get right of entry to to a wide variety of creative actions, sports activities, and different cultural events. Atatürk supported and inspired the visible and the plastic arts, which had been suppressed by way of Ottoman leaders, who seemed depiction of the human shape as idolatry. Many museums opened, architecture started to observe modern traits, and classical Western track, opera, ballet, and theatre took larger hold within the country. Book and mag publications greater as smartly, and the film industry began to develop.

Almost all Qur'ans in Turkey before the 1930s were revealed in Old Arabic. However, in 1924, 3 Turkish translations of the Qur'an have been printed in Istanbul, and several renderings of the Qur'an in the Turkish language have been learn in front of the public, creating vital controversy.[145] These Turkish Qur'ans were fiercely antagonistic by means of contributors of the spiritual neighborhood, and the incident impelled many leading Muslim modernists to name upon the Turkish Parliament to sponsor a Qur'an translation of appropriate quality.[146] With the reinforce of Atatürk, the Parliament licensed the undertaking and the Directorate of Religious Affairs appointed Mehmet Akif (Ersoy) to compose a Qur'an translation, and the Islamic scholar Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır to writer a Turkish language Qur'anic statement (tafsir) titled Hak Dini Kur'an Dili (The Qur'an: the Tongue of the Religion of Truth).[147] However, it used to be only in 1935 that the version of Yazır's paintings read in public discovered its approach to print.[148] In 1932, Atatürk justified the translation of the Qur'an by pointing out how he wanted to "teach religion in Turkish to Turkish people who had been practising Islam without understanding it for centuries." Atatürk believed that the understanding of religion and its texts used to be too necessary to be left to a small workforce of people. Thus, his goal was once to make the Qur'an accessible to a broader demographic via translating it into trendy languages.[149]

In 1934, Atatürk commissioned the first Turkish operatic paintings, Özsoy. The opera, staged on the People's House in Ankara, was composed by Adnan Saygun and carried out by way of soprano Semiha Berksoy.[150]

Eighteen feminine MPs joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections.

On 5 December 1934, Turkey moved to grant complete political rights to women. The equal rights of girls in marriage had already been established in the previous Turkish civil code.[151] The role of women in Atatürk's cultural reforms was expressed in the civic e book ready under his supervision.[152] In it, he stated:

There isn't any logical reason behind the political disenfranchisement of women. Any hesitation and negative mentality on this subject is not anything more than a fading social phenomenon of the past. ...Women must have the appropriate to vote and to be elected; because democracy dictates that, because there are pursuits that girls will have to defend, and because there are social duties that women will have to perform.[153]

The 1935 normal elections yielded 18 female MPs out of a total of 395 representatives, in comparison to nine out of 615 individuals within the British House of Commons and six out of 435 in the United States House of Representatives inaugurated that yr.[154]

Unification and nationalisation efforts

When the trendy Republic of Turkey was based in 1923, nationalism and secularism were two of the founding ideas.[155] Atatürk aimed to create a nation state (ulus devlet) from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Kemalism defines the "Turkish People" as "those who protect and promote the moral, spiritual, cultural and humanistic values of the Turkish Nation."[156] One of the goals of the establishment of the new Turkish state used to be to verify "the domination of Turkish ethnic identity in every aspect of social life from the language that people speak in the streets to the language to be taught at schools, from the education to the industrial life, from the trade to the cadres of state officials, from the civil law to the settlement of citizens to particular regions."[157] The strategy of unification through Turkification persisted and was fostered beneath Atatürk's government with such policies as Citizen discuss Turkish! (Vatandaş Türkçe konuş!), an initiative created in the Nineteen Thirties via law scholars but subsidized by the government. This campaign aimed to put force on non-Turkish audio system to talk Turkish in public.[14][158][12][11][159][160][161] However, the campaign went past the measures of a mere coverage of speaking Turkish to an outright prevention of some other language.[14][158][162][163][164]

Another example of nationalisation was once the Surname Law, which obligated the Turkish people to adopt fastened, hereditary surnames and forbade names that contained connotations of foreign cultures, countries, tribes, and religions.[12][161][165][166][167] As a end result, many ethnic Armenians, Greeks, and Kurds have been compelled to undertake last names of Turkish rendition.[166] Names finishing with "yan, of, ef, viç, is, dis, poulos, aki, zade, shvili, madumu, veled, bin" (names that denote non-Turkish origins) could no longer be registered and had been changed through "-oğlu."[168] Furthermore, the geographical identify adjustments initiative by way of the Turkish government replaced non-Turkish geographical and topographic names throughout the Turkish Republic with Turkish names.[169][170][13][171][172][173] The primary proponent of the initiative had been a Turkish homogenization social-engineering marketing campaign which aimed to assimilate geographical or topographical names that had been deemed foreign and divisive towards Turkish harmony. The names that have been regarded as foreign were normally of Armenian, Greek, Laz, Bulgarian, Kurdish, Assyrian, or Arabic origin.[169][13][172][173][174]

The 1934 Resettlement Law used to be a policy followed through the Turkish government which set forth the basic principles of immigration.[175] The law, however, is regarded via some as a coverage of assimilation of non-Turkish minorities via a pressured and collective resettlement.[176]

Foreign policies Atatürk with King Amānullāh Khān of Afghanistan in Ankara, 1928. King Amānullāh tried to emulate a lot of Atatürk's reforms in Afghanistan, but used to be overthrown.

Atatürk's international policy adopted his motto "Peace at home, peace in the world",[177] a belief of peace connected to his mission of civilization and modernization.[178] The outcomes of Atatürk's insurance policies depended on the energy of the parliamentary sovereignty established via the Republic.[179] The Turkish War of Independence was the last time Atatürk used his army would possibly in dealing with other nations. Foreign issues were resolved through non violent strategies all over his presidency.

Issue of Mosul

The Issue of Mosul, a dispute with the United Kingdom over keep watch over of Mosul Province, was one of the crucial first foreign affairs-related controversies of the brand new Republic. During the Mesopotamian campaign, Lieutenant General William Marshall followed the British War Office's instruction that "every effort was to be made to score as heavily as possible on the Tigris before the whistle blew", capturing Mosul 3 days after the signature of the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918).[180] In 1920, the Misak-ı Milli, which consolidated the "Turkish lands", declared that Mosul Province used to be part of the ancient Turkish heartland. The British were in a precarious situation with the Issue of Mosul and were adopting almost equally desperate measures to give protection to their pursuits. For example, the Iraqi rise up against the British used to be suppressed by way of the RAF Iraq Command during the summer of 1920. From the British perspective, if Atatürk stabilized Turkey, he would then turn his attention to Mosul and penetrate Mesopotamia, the place the local inhabitants would most probably sign up for his reason. Such an match would lead to an insurgent and adversarial Muslim country in shut proximity to British territory in India.

Atatürk with King Faisal I of Iraq in Ankara, 1931

In 1923, Atatürk tried to steer the GNA that accepting the arbitration of the League of Nations at the Treaty of Lausanne did not represent relinquishing Mosul, but reasonably waiting for a time when Turkey may well be more potent. Nevertheless, the artificially drawn border had an unsettling effect on the inhabitants on each side. Later, it was claimed that Turkey started the place the oil ends, because the border was once drawn through the British geophysicists in response to places of oil reserves. Atatürk didn't want this separation.[181] To address Atatürk's considerations, the British Foreign Secretary George Curzon tried to deny the lifestyles of oil within the Mosul house. On 23 January 1923, Curzon argued that the existence of oil used to be no more than hypothetical.[180] However, in keeping with the biographer Armstrong, "England wanted oil. Mosul and Kurds were the key."[6]

While three inspectors from the League of Nations Committee have been despatched to the region to oversee the location in 1924, the Sheikh Said rebellion (1924–1927) got down to determine a new authorities situated to cut Turkey's link to Mesopotamia. The dating between the rebels and Britain used to be investigated. In reality, British help used to be sought after the rebels decided that the rebellion may just no longer stand by itself.[182]

In 1925, the League of Nations shaped a three-member committee to study the case while the Sheikh Said Rebellion was on the upward thrust. Partly because of the ongoing uncertainties alongside the northern frontier (present-day northern Iraq), the committee beneficial that the area will have to be attached to Iraq with the situation that the United Kingdom would grasp the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. By the tip of March 1925, the important troop actions were finished, and the entire area of the Sheikh Said rebel used to be encircled.[183] As a results of these manoeuvres, the revolt used to be put down. Britain, Iraq, and Atatürk made a treaty on 5 June 1926, which mostly adopted the selections of the League Council. The settlement left a large segment of the Kurdish inhabitants and the Iraqi Turkmen on the non-Turkish facet of the border.[184][185]

Relations with the Russian SFSR/Soviet Union See additionally: Russia–Turkey family members § Turkey and the Soviet Union During a reception at the USSR Embassy in Ankara, on 7 November 1927 Exchanges on the idea that of a Balkan Federation all over the seek advice from of Voroshilov, a vision of Atatürk's which was once by no means accomplished

In his 26 April 1920 message to Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik leader and head of the Russian SFSR's government Atatürk promised to coordinate his military operations with the Bolsheviks' "fight against imperialist governments" and asked Five million lira in gold in addition to armaments "as first aid" to his forces.[186] In 1920 alone, the Lenin government supplied the Kemalists with 6,000 rifles, over Five million rifle cartridges, 17,600 projectiles as well as 200.6 kg of gold bullion. In the subsequent 2 years, the amount of assist higher.[187]

In March 1921, the GNA representatives in Moscow signed the Treaty of Moscow ("Friendship and Brotherhood" Treaty) with Soviet Russia, which was once a significant diplomatic leap forward for the Kemalists. The Treaty of Moscow, adopted through the an identical Treaty of Kars in October the same year, gave Turkey a beneficial settlement of its north-eastern frontier on the expense of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, then nominally an unbiased state.

Relations between the two countries were friendly but had been in line with the truth that they were towards a commonplace enemy: Britain and the West.[188] In 1920, Atatürk toyed with the theory of the usage of a state-controlled Turkish Communist Party to prevent the perceived unfold of communist concepts in the nation and gain get right of entry to to the Comintern's financing.

Despite his relations with the Soviet Union, Atatürk was once not willing to commit Turkey to communism. "Friendship with Russia," he mentioned, "is not to adopt their ideology of communism for Turkey."[188] Moreover, Atatürk declared, "Communism is a social issue. Social conditions, religion, and national traditions of our country confirm the opinion that Russian Communism is not applicable in Turkey."[189] And in a speech on 1 November 1924, he mentioned, "Our amicable relations with our old friend the Soviet Russian Republic are developing and progressing every day. As in past our Republican Government regards genuine and extensive good relations with Soviet Russia as the keystone of our foreign policy."[188]

After the Turks withdrew their delegation from Geneva on 16 December 1925, they left the League of Nations Council to grant a mandate for the Mosul area to Britain with out their consent. Atatürk countered[190] by means of concluding a non-aggression pact with the USSR on 17 December.[191] In 1935, the pact used to be extended for another 10 years.[192]

In 1933, the Soviet Defence Minister Kliment Voroshilov visited Turkey and attended the 10th yr celebrations of the Republic.[193] Atatürk explained his place in regards to the realization of his plan for a Balkan Federation economically uniting Turkey, Greece, Romania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.[193]

During the second part of the Nineteen Thirties, Atatürk attempted to determine a better courting with Britain and different major Western powers, which led to displeasure at the part of the Soviets. The second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Volume 20, 1953) used to be unequivocally important of Atatürk's policies within the last years of his rule, calling his home insurance policies "anti-popular" and his foreign route as aimed at rapprochement with the "imperialist powers."[194]

Turkish-Greek alliance Atatürk (center) webhosting the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos (at the left) in Ankara, October 1930

The post-war leader of Greece, Eleftherios Venizelos, used to be also decided to ascertain customary members of the family between his country and Turkey. The war had devastated Western Anatolia, and the monetary burden of Ottoman Muslim refugees from Greece blocked rapprochement. Venizelos moved forward with an agreement with Turkey, in spite of accusations of conceding too much at the issues of naval armaments and the properties of Ottoman Greeks from Turkey.[195] In spite of Turkish animosity towards the Greeks, Atatürk resisted the pressures of historical enmities and was sensitive towards previous tensions; at one level, he ordered the elimination of a portray appearing a Turkish soldier plunging his bayonet right into a Greek soldier by way of declaring, "What a revolting scene!"[196]

Greece renounced all its claims over Turkish territory, and the 2 sides concluded an agreement on 30 April 1930. On 25 October, Venizelos visited Turkey and signed a treaty of friendship.[197] Venizelos even forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize.[198] Even after Venizolos' fall from power, Greco-Turkish relations remained cordial. Indeed, Venizelos' successor Panagis Tsaldaris came around Atatürk in September 1933 and signed a extra comprehensive settlement called the Entente Cordiale between Greece and Turkey, which was once a stepping stone for the Balkan Pact.

Greek Premier Ioannis Metaxas once stated, in regards to Atatürk, that "...Greece, which has the highest estimation of the renowned leader, heroic soldier, and enlightened creator of Turkey. We will never forget that President Atatürk was the true founder of the Turkish-Greek alliance based on a framework of common ideals and peaceful cooperation. He developed ties of friendship between the two nations which it would be unthinkable to dissolve. Greece will guard its fervent memories of this great man, who determined an unalterable future path for the noble Turkish nation."[199]

Neighbours to the east Atatürk (correct) with Reza Shah Pahlavi (left) of Iran, throughout the Shah's discuss with to Turkey

From 1919, Afghanistan was once in the midst of a reformation length underneath Amanullah Khan. Afghan Foreign Minister Mahmud Tarzi used to be a follower of Atatürk's domestic policy. Tarzi encouraged Amanullah Khan in social and political reform however instructed that reforms will have to built on a powerful authorities. During the past due Nineteen Twenties, Anglo-Afghan relations soured over British fears of an Afghan-Soviet friendship. On 20 May 1928, Anglo-Afghan politics gained a good point of view, when Amanullah Khan and his spouse, Queen Soraya Tarzi, were gained by way of Atatürk in Istanbul.[200] This meeting was adopted via a Turkey-Afghanistan Friendship and Cooperation pact on 22 May 1928. Atatürk supported Afghanistan's integration into world organizations. In 1934, Afghanistan's relations with the world neighborhood progressed significantly when it joined the League of Nations.[201] Mahmud Tarzi gained Atatürk's non-public reinforce till he died on 22 November 1933 in Istanbul.

Atatürk and Reza Shah, leader of Iran, had a not unusual manner regarding British imperialism and its influence of their international locations, leading to a sluggish but steady rapprochement between Ankara and Tehran. Both governments despatched diplomatic missions and messages of friendship to one another all through the Turkish War of Independence.[202] The policy of the Ankara authorities in this duration was once to offer moral make stronger in order to reassure Iranian independence and territorial integrity.[203] The members of the family between the 2 nations have been strained after the abolishment of the Caliphate. Iran's Shi'a clergy didn't accept Atatürk's stance, and Iranian non secular power centres perceived the true reason behind Atatürk's reforms was once to undermine the facility of the clergy.[203] By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's efforts had disenchanted the clergy all through Iran, thus widening the gap between religion and government.[204] As Russia and Great Britain bolstered their holds within the Middle East, Atatürk feared the career and dismemberment of Iran as a multi-ethnic society by those European powers.[203] Like Atatürk, Reza Shah wanted to secure Iran's borders, and in 1934, the Shah visited Atatürk.

In 1935, the draft of what would become the Treaty of Saadabad used to be paragraphed in Geneva, however its signing used to be behind schedule due to the border dispute between Iran and Iraq. On 8 July 1937, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan signed the Saadabad Pact at Tehran. The signatories agreed to keep their commonplace frontiers, to consult in combination in all matters of not unusual interest, and to devote no aggression in opposition to one every other's territory. The treaty united the Afghan King Zahir Shah's name for better Oriental-Middle Eastern cooperation, Reza Shah's function in securing relations with Turkey that will lend a hand unfastened Iran from Soviet and British affect, and Atatürk's international coverage of making sure stability in the area. The treaty's quick consequence, alternatively, used to be deterring Italian chief Mussolini from interfering within the Middle East.[205]

Turkish Straits Atatürk observes the Turkish troops during the military exercise on 28 May 1936

On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne incorporated the Lausanne Straits Agreement. The Lausanne Straits Agreement mentioned that the Dardanelles must remain open to all commercial vessels: seizure of overseas army vessels was topic to positive barriers right through peacetime, and, at the same time as a neutral state, Turkey may no longer restrict any military passage all over wartime. The Lausanne Straits Agreement stated that the waterway was once to be demilitarised and its control left to the Straits Commission. The demilitarised zone heavily limited Turkey's domination and sovereignty over the Straits, and the defence of Istanbul was unimaginable without sovereignty over the water that handed thru it.

In March 1936, Hitler's reoccupation of the Rhineland gave Atatürk the opportunity to resume complete keep an eye on over the Straits. "The situation in Europe", Atatürk declared "is highly appropriate for such a move. We shall certainly achieve it".[206]Tevfik Rüştü Aras, Turkey's overseas minister, initiated a move to revise the Straits' regime. Aras claimed that he used to be directed via Atatürk, somewhat than the Prime Minister, İsmet İnönü. İnönü used to be worried about harming members of the family with Britain, France, and Balkan neighbors over the Straits. However, the signatories of the Treaty of Lausanne agreed to enroll in the convention, since limitless military passage had become destructive to Turkey with the changes in world politics. Atatürk demanded that the contributors of the Turkish Foreign Office devise a solution that would switch full keep an eye on of the waterway to Turkey.

On 20 July 1936, the Montreux Convention used to be signed via Bulgaria, Great Britain, Australia, France, Japan, Romania, the Soviet Union, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Greece. It turned into the main instrument governing the passage of commercial and warfare vessels throughout the Dardanelles Strait. The agreement used to be ratified by way of the GNAT on 31 July 1936 and went into effect on 9 November 1936.[207]

Balkan Pact During the visit of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in 1931

Until the early Thirties, Turkey adopted a impartial foreign policy with the West by developing joint friendship and neutrality agreements. These bilateral agreements aligned with Atatürk's worldview. By the end of 1925, Turkey had signed fifteen joint agreements with Western states.

In the early Thirties, adjustments and traits in international politics required Turkey to make multilateral agreements to strengthen its security. Atatürk strongly believed that shut cooperation between the Balkan states in response to the principle of equality would have the most important impact on European politics. These states were ruled via the Ottoman Empire for hundreds of years and had proved to be a powerful drive. While the origins of the Balkan agreement would possibly date way back to 1925, the Balkan Pact came into being in the mid-Nineteen Thirties. Several vital developments in Europe helped the unique thought materialise, such as improvements within the Turkish-Greek alliance and the rapprochement between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. The maximum essential think about driving Turkish international policy from the mid-Thirties onwards was the worry of Italy. Benito Mussolini had frequently proclaimed his aim to place all the Mediterranean below Italian control. Both the Turks and the quite a lot of Balkan states felt threatened by means of Italian ambitions.

The Balkan Pact used to be negotiated via Atatürk with Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia. This mutual-defence settlement supposed to ensure the signatories' territorial integrity and political independence in opposition to assault from every other Balkan state reminiscent of Bulgaria or Albania. It countered the increasingly more competitive overseas policy of fascist Italy and the impact of a potential Bulgarian alignment with Nazi Germany. Atatürk thought of the Balkan Pact as a medium of steadiness in Turkey's members of the family with the European nations.[208] He was particularly frightened to determine a region of security and alliances to the west of Turkey in Europe, which the Balkan Pact helped succeed in.[209]

Atatürk with Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas (2nd from right) at the Balkan Pact summit in Ankara, March 1938

The Balkan Pact provided for regular military and diplomatic consultations. Though it contained no particular army commitments, the pact was once regarded as an important step forward in consolidating the free international's position in southeast Europe. The importance of the settlement is best possible observed in a message Atatürk despatched to the Greek Premier Ioannis Metaxas:

The borders of the allies in the Balkan Pact are a unmarried border. Those who covet this border will encounter the burning beams of the sun. I like to recommend averting this. The forces that protect our borders are a single and inseparable pressure.[210]

The Balkan Pact was signed by the GNA on 28 February. The Greek and Yugoslav Parliaments ratified the agreement a couple of days later. The unanimously ratified Balkan pact was once formally adopted on 18 May 1935 and lasted until 1940.

The Balkan Pact turned out to be useless for reasons that have been beyond Atatürk's keep watch over. The pact failed when Bulgaria tried to raise the Dobruja factor, most effective to end with the Italian invasion of Albania on 7 April 1939. These conflicts spread rapidly, in the end triggering World War II. The objective of Atatürk to protect southeast Europe failed with the dissolution of the pact. In 1938, the Turkish Army at peacetime strength consisted of 174,000 squaddies and 20,000 officials forming Eleven army corps, 23 divisions, one armoured brigade, Three cavalry brigades, and 7 frontier commands.[211][212]

Issue of Hatay Telegram despatched by means of Atatürk after the native legislative meeting permitted his proposal for the Hatay State's flag

Turkish Prime-Minister İsmet İnönü was once very aware of international policy issues. During the second one half of the Thirties, Atatürk tried to form a better courting with Britain. The dangers of this policy exchange put the 2 men at odds. The Hatay issue and the Lyon agreement have been two essential tendencies in overseas coverage that performed a vital role in severing members of the family between Atatürk and İnönü.

In 1936, Atatürk raised the "Issue of Hatay" on the League of Nations. Hatay was once according to the old administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire known as the Sanjak of Alexandretta. On behalf of the League of Nations, the representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Turkey prepared a constitution for Hatay, which established it as an self reliant sanjak inside Syria. Despite some inter-ethnic violence, an election was once conducted in 1938 by means of the local legislative assembly. The cities of Antakya (Antioch) and İskenderun (Alexandretta) joined Turkey in 1939.[213]

Economic policies For conceptual research, see Atatürk's Reforms § Economic reforms.

Atatürk instigated financial insurance policies to increase small and massive scale companies, but additionally to create social strata (i.e. industrial bourgeoisie coexisting with the peasantry of Anatolia) that have been just about non-existent right through the Ottoman Empire. The primary downside confronted through the politics of his period used to be the lag in the building of political institutions and social categories which would steer such social and financial changes.[214] Atatürk's imaginative and prescient relating to early Turkish economic coverage used to be obvious all the way through the İzmir Economic Congress of 1923. The preliminary possible choices of Atatürk's financial policies reflected the realities of his time. After World War I, due to the lack of any actual attainable buyers to fund personal sector trade, Atatürk established many state-owned factories for agriculture, machinery, and textile industries.

State intervention, 1923–1929 Atatürk and Celâl Bayar visiting the Sümerbank Nazilli Cotton Factory, which was established as part of the cotton-related industry

Atatürk and İsmet İnönü's pursuit of state-controlled economic insurance policies was guided by way of a countrywide imaginative and prescient; their purpose was to knit the country in combination, do away with overseas keep watch over of the economy, and improve communications inside Turkey. Resources were channeled clear of Istanbul, a buying and selling port with global overseas enterprises, in prefer of other, less advanced towns as a way to reach a extra balanced financial construction throughout the country.[215]

For Atatürk and his supporters, tobacco remained wedded to his pursuit of monetary independence. Turkish tobacco was a very powerful business crop, but its cultivation and manufacture had been underneath French monopolies granted by way of capitulations of the Ottoman Empire. The tobacco and cigarette business was managed by means of two French companies: the Regie Company and Narquileh Tobacco.[216] The Ottoman Empire had given the tobacco monopoly to the Ottoman Bank as a restricted company underneath the Council of the Public Debt. Regie, as part of the Council, had keep watch over over tobacco production, storage, and distribution (together with export) with unchallenged value regulate. Consequently, Turkish farmers were dependent at the company for his or her livelihoods.[217] In 1925, Regie was taken over through the state and named Tekel. Government regulate of tobacco was the some of the biggest achievements of the Kemalist political equipment's "nationalization" of the economy for a country that didn't produce oil. Kemalists accompanied this success with the advance of the rustic's cotton industry, which peaked during the early 1930s. Cotton was once the second most vital industrial crop in Turkey on the time.

In 1924, with the initiative of Atatürk, the first Turkish financial institution İş Bankası used to be established, with Atatürk because the financial institution's first member. The financial institution's advent used to be a response to the growing want for a in point of fact nationwide establishment and a banking machine which was once capable of backing up economic actions, managing price range amassed thru policies of savings incentives, and offering resources where vital to trigger industrial impetus.[218]

In 1927, Turkish State Railways was established. Because Atatürk considered the advance of a countrywide rail network as any other vital step in industrialisation, railways were given excessive priority. The Turkish State Railway developed an extensive railway network in an overly short time. In 1927, Atatürk also ordered the combination of highway development targets into building plans. Prior to this, the street network had consisted of 13,885 km of ruined floor roads, 4,450 km of stabilized roads, and 94 bridges. In 1935, a brand new entity used to be established under the government called Şose ve Köprüler Reisliği (Headship of Roads and Bridges) which would force the improvement of latest roads after World War II.[219] By 1937, the Turkish highway network reached 22,000 km in duration.

The Turkish authorities underneath Atatürk evolved many economic and infrastructure initiatives inside the first decade of the republic. However, the Turkish economic system was nonetheless in large part agrarian, with primitive gear and techniques. Roads and transportation facilities have been still a long way from sufficient, and management of the economy was inefficient. The Great Depression brought many changes to this picture.

Great Depression, 1929–1931 Atatürk supported large-scale authorities backed industrial complexes, comparable to Sümerbank, an increasing number of after the Great Depression.

The young republic, like the rest of the world, discovered itself in a deep economic crisis all over the Great Depression. Atatürk reacted to stipulations of this era by shifting toward built-in economic policies and organising a central bank to keep an eye on alternate rates. However, Turkey may no longer finance very important imports; its foreign money used to be shunned, and zealous revenue officials seized the meagre possessions of peasants who may not pay their taxes.[215]

In 1929, Atatürk signed a treaty that resulted in the restructuring of Turkey's debt with the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. At the time, Atatürk not best had to care for the fee of the Ottoman public debt but additionally the turbulent financial problems with the Great Depression. For example, till the early Nineteen Thirties, Turkish personal trade may not acquire alternate credits. It was unimaginable to integrate the Turkish financial system without a strategy to those issues.

In 1931, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey was established.[220] The financial institution's primary function was once to regulate the alternate fee and Ottoman Bank's role all the way through its initial years as a central bank was phased out. Later specialized banks such because the Sümerbank (1932) and the Etibank (1935) had been founded.

From the political financial system point of view, Atatürk confronted the problem of political upheaval. The establishment of a new celebration with a special financial perspective used to be vital; he asked Ali Fethi Okyar to fulfill this finish. The Liberal Republican Party (August 1930) used to be based with a liberal program and proposed that state monopolies will have to be ended, international capital should be attracted, and state funding will have to be curtailed. Nevertheless, Atatürk maintained the view that "it is impossible to attract foreign capital for essential development," and state capitalism was the dominant time table right through the melancholy technology. In 1931, Atatürk proclaimed: "In the economic area ...the programme of the party is statism."[221] However, the impact of unfastened republicans was felt strongly and state intervention became extra reasonable and more corresponding to a form of state capitalism. One of Atatürk's radical left-wing supporters, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu from the Kadro (The Cadre) movement, claimed that Atatürk found a third approach between capitalism and socialism.[222]

Liberalization and planned expansion, 1931–1939 Atatürk and İsmet İnönü at Nazilli Cotton Factory (1937)

The first (1929–1933) and 2d five-year economic plans had been enacted beneath the supervision of Atatürk. The first five-year financial plan promoted client substitution industries. However, those economic plans changed greatly with the loss of life of Atatürk and the rise of World War II. Subsequent governments took measures that harmed the commercial productivity of Turkey in various ways.[223] The achievements of the Nineteen Thirties had been credited to early 1920s implementations of the economic system in keeping with Atatürk's national policies.[224]

In 1931, Atatürk watched the advance of the primary national aircraft, MMV-1. He realised the important position of aviation and stated, "the future lies in the skies".[225] The Turkish Aeronautical Association used to be founded on 16 February 1925 through his directive.[226] He also ordered the establishment of the Turkish Aircraft Association Lottery. Instead of the traditional raffle prizes, this new lottery paid money prizes. Most of the lottery source of revenue used to be used to determine a new factory and fund aviation initiatives. However, Atatürk did not reside to peer the flight of the primary Turkish military aircraft constructed at that factory. Operational American Curtiss Hawk combatants were being produced in Turkey soon after his demise and sooner than the onset of World War II.

In 1932, liberal economist Celâl Bayar turned into the Minister of Economy at Atatürk's request and served until 1937.[227] During this era, the country moved toward a blended economic system with its first non-public initiatives. Textile, sugar, paper, and steel factories (financed by way of a mortgage from Britain) were the private sectors of the length. Besides these companies, government-owned power crops, banks, and insurance companies have been established.

In 1935, the primary Turkish cotton print factory "Nazilli Calico print factory" opened. As part of the industrialization procedure, cotton planting was promoted to furnish raw subject material for future manufacturing unit settlements.[228] By 1935, Nazilli was a major business center starting with the institution of cotton turbines adopted by way of a calico print manufacturing facility.[229][230]

In 1936, Turkish industrialist Nuri Demirağ established the primary Turkish plane manufacturing facility within the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul.[231] The first Turkish airplanes, Nu D.36 and Nu D.38, have been produced in this manufacturing unit.[231]

On 25 October 1937, Atatürk appointed Celâl Bayar because the high minister of the ninth government. Integrated economic insurance policies reached their top with the signing of the 1939 Treaty with Britain and France.[223] The treaty signaled a turning point in Turkish history because it was the first step in opposition to an alliance with the West.[223] After İsmet İnönü turned into president in 1938, the diversities between İnönü (who promoted state control) and Bayar (who was once liberal) came to the leading edge. On 25 January 1939, Prime Minister Bayar resigned.[232]

Atatürk also supported the establishment of the car industry. The Turkish Automobile Association was founded in 1923,[233] and its motto was: "The Turkish driver is a man of the most exquisite sensitivities."[234]

In 1935, Turkey was changing into an business society in line with the Western European model set through Atatürk.[235] However, the gap between Atatürk's objectives and the achievements of the socio-political construction of the rustic had no longer yet been closed.[235]

Personal lifestyles

Main article: Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Kemal Atatürk and his spouse Latife Uşakizâde right through a shuttle to Bursa, 1924

Kemal Atatürk's name is associated with 4 girls: Eleni Karinte, Fikriye Hanım, Dimitrina Kovacheva[236] and Latife Uşaklıgil. Little is known of his courting with Eleni, who fell in love with him while he was once a student in Bitola, Macedonia but the relationship impressed a play by the Macedonian author Dejan Dukovski, later filmed by way of Aleksandar Popovski.[237] Fikriye used to be a nominal cousin of Atatürk, despite the fact that no longer connected via blood (she used to be Atatürk's stepfather Ragıp Bey's sister's daughter). Fikriye grew passionately connected to Atatürk; the whole extent of his emotions for her is unclear but it's positive that they become very shut after Fikriye divorced her Egyptian husband and returned to Istanbul. During the War of Independence, she lived with him in Çankaya, Ankara as his personal assistant.

However, after the Turkish military entered İzmir in 1922, Atatürk met Latife while staying at the space of her father, the delivery magnate Muammer Uşakizade (later Uşaklı). Latife fell in love with Atatürk; once more the level to which this was reciprocated is unknown, but he was once certainly inspired through Latife's intellect: she was a graduate of the Sorbonne and used to be finding out English in London when the warfare broke out. On 29 January 1923, they were married. Latife was once jealous of Fikriye and demanded that she depart the home in Çankaya; Fikriye was once devastated and in an instant left in a carriage. According to legit accounts, she shot herself with a pistol Atatürk had given her as a gift. However, it used to be rumoured that she was as an alternative murdered.[238]

The triangle of Atatürk, Fikriye, and Latife became the subject of a manuscript by means of Atatürk's shut good friend, Salih Bozok, regardless that the work remained unpublished till 2005.[239] Latife was in short and actually the face of the new Turkish girl, showing in public in Western clothing along with her husband.[240] However, their marriage was once no longer glad; after widespread arguments, the two have been divorced on 5 August 1925.[241]

During his lifetime, Atatürk followed thirteen kids: a boy and twelve girls. Of these, the most well-known is Sabiha Gökçen, Turkey's first female pilot and the world's first feminine fighter pilot.[242]

Illness and death

See also: Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk A view from the state funeral of Atatürk, November 1938

Throughout most of his life, Atatürk was a moderate-to-heavy drinker, incessantly eating part a litre of rakı an afternoon; he also smoked tobacco, predominantly in the form of cigarettes.[243][244][245] During 1937, indications that Atatürk's well being was worsening began to appear. In early 1938, whilst on a travel to Yalova, he suffered from a significant sickness. He went to Istanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with cirrhosis. During his keep in Istanbul, he made an effort to stay alongside of his regular lifestyle, but ultimately succumbed to his illness. He died on 10 November 1938, at the age of 57, within the Dolmabahçe Palace. He was the first president of Turkey to die in place of business.[246] The clock within the bedroom where he died continues to be set to the time of his death, 9:05 within the morning.

Atatürk's funeral known as forth both sorrow and delight in Turkey, and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed armed detachments to the cortège.[177] Atatürk's stays had been initially laid to rest within the Ethnography Museum of Ankara, however they have been transferred on 10 November 1953 (15 years after his dying) in a 42-ton sarcophagus to a mausoleum overlooking Ankara, Anıtkabir.[247]

In his will, Atatürk donated all of his possessions to the Republican People's Party, provided that the annual passion of his price range can be used to seem after his sister Makbule and his adopted kids, and fund the higher education of İsmet İnönü's youngsters. The remainder of this every year pastime used to be willed to the Turkish Language Association and the Turkish Historical Society.[248]

Legacy

Turkey Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Atatürk in Ankara, is visited by way of large crowds yearly during nationwide holidays similar to Republic Day on October 29.

Kemal Atatürk is honored by many memorials during Turkey, such because the Atatürk International Airport in Istanbul, the Atatürk Bridge over the Golden Horn (Haliç), the Atatürk Dam, and Atatürk Stadium. Atatürk statues had been erected in all Turkish towns by the Turkish Government, and most towns have their own memorial to him. His face and identify are observed and heard all over in Turkey; his portrait can be seen in public constructions, in colleges, on all Turkish lira banknotes, and in the houses of many Turkish families.[249] At 9:05 am on each and every 10 November, at the precise time of Atatürk's loss of life, most cars and people within the country's streets pause for one minute in remembrance.[250]

In 1951, the Democrat Party-controlled Turkish parliament led by way of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes (regardless of being the conservative opposition to Atatürk's own Republican People's Party) issued a legislation (5816) outlawing insults to his memory (hatırasına alenen hakaret) and destruction of gadgets representing him.[251] The demarcation between a complaint and an insult was defined as a political argument, and the Minister of Justice (a political place) was assigned in Article Five to execute the regulation fairly than the public prosecutor. A central authority website used to be created to denounce websites that violate this law.[252]

In 2010, the French-based NGO Reporters Without Borders objected to the Turkish regulations protecting the memory of Atatürk, arguing that they contradict the present European Union standards of freedom of speech in news media.[253]

Worldwide Associated Press news article in regards to the admiration of women from different portions of the world for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the handsome chief of the Turkish Republic.

In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's start, his reminiscence was once honoured by means of the United Nations and UNESCO, which declared it The Atatürk Year within the World and followed the Resolution at the Atatürk Centennial.[20][21] The Atatürk Monument in Mexico City on Paseo de la Reforma; the Atatürk Monument in Baku, Azerbaijan; the Atatürk Memorial in Wellington, New Zealand (which additionally serves as a memorial to the ANZAC troops who died at Gallipoli); the Atatürk Memorial in the position of honour on Anzac Parade in Canberra, Australia; and the Atatürk Square in Rome, Italy, are a few examples of Atatürk memorials outside Turkey. He has roads named after him in different international locations, such because the Kemal Atatürk Marg in New Delhi, India; the Kemal Atatürk Avenues in Dhaka and Chittagong in Bangladesh; the Atatürk Avenue in the middle of Islamabad, Pakistan; Mustafa Kemal Atatürk street in Tunis, Tunisia; the Atatürk Road in the southern town of Larkana in Sindh, Pakistan (which Atatürk visited in 1923); Mustafá Kemal Atatürk street in the Naco district of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; and the road and memorial Atatürk within the Amsterdam-Noord borough of Amsterdam, Netherlands. In addition, the entrance to Princess Royal Harbour in Albany, Western Australia is known as Atatürk Channel. There are many statues and streets named after Atatürk in Northern Cyprus.

Despite his radical secular reforms, Atatürk remained widely common within the Muslim global.[254] He is remembered for being the creator of a brand new, fully impartial Muslim nation at a time of encroachment by way of Christian powers, and for having prevailed in a combat in opposition to Western imperialism.[254] When he died, the All-India Muslim League eulogised him as a "truly great personality in the Islamic world, a great general, and a great statesman", stating that his memory would "inspire Muslims all over the world with courage, perseverance, and manliness".[254]

Atatürk memorial on Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City

The vary of Atatürk's admirers extends from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, his opponent in World War I, to the German Nazi leader and dictator Adolf Hitler,[255] who additionally sought an alliance with Turkey,[256] to the presidents of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy, who paid tribute to Atatürk in 1963 at the twenty fifth anniversary of his dying.[257]

As a job type that inspired nationwide sovereignty, Atatürk used to be especially respected in international locations of the so-called Third World, which noticed him as the pioneer of independence from colonial powers. The leaders of such nations integrated Atatürk's Iranian contemporary Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, the Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, and the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.[258][259][260] The Pakistani poet and thinker Muhammad Iqbal and the Bangladeshi nationwide poet Kazi Nazrul Islam wrote poems in his honor.

The Twelfth International Women Conference was once held in Istanbul, Turkey on 18 April 1935, and Egyptian nationalist-feminist Huda Sha'arawi was once elected via the conference as the vice-president of the International Women's Union. Huda considered Atatürk as a role style for her actions and wrote in her memoirs:

After the Istanbul conference ended, we won a call for participation to attend the celebration held by way of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the liberator of modern Turkey ... In the salon next to his place of job, the invited delegates stood in the form of a semicircle, and after a couple of moments the door opened and entered Atatürk surrounded by way of an charisma of splendor and greatness, and a feeling of prestige prevailed. Honorable, when my flip came, I spoke directly to him with out translation, and the scene was once unique for an oriental Muslim girl status for the International Women's Authority and giving a speech within the Turkish language expressing admiration and due to the Egyptian ladies for the liberation motion that he led in Turkey, and I said: This is the perfect of leaving Oh the elder sister of the Islamic nations, he encouraged the entire nations of the East to take a look at to liberate and insist the rights of girls, and I said: If the Turks considered you the worthiness in their father and they known as you Atatürk, I say that this is not enough, however you might be for us "Atasharq" [Father of the East]. Its which means didn't come from any feminine head of delegation, and thanked me very much for the great affect, after which I begged him to give us with a picture of his Excellency for publication within the journal L'Égyptienne.[261]

However, Atatürk's acclaim is not universal. As the chief of the national motion of 1919–1923, Atatürk used to be described by way of the Allies and Istanbul journalist Ali Kemal (who believed the liberation efforts would fail and cause a extra critical punishment by means of the Allies) as a "bandit chief". Lord Balfour in this context known as him the "most terrible of all the terrible Turks".[262]

Awards and decorations

Main article: List of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's awards

He gained awards and decorations before, all the way through, and after World War I.[263][264]

Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey Statue of Atatürk in Ankara  Ottoman Empire: Fifth Class Knight Order of the Medjidie awarded by Abdul Hamid II (25 December 1906)  Ottoman Empire: Silver Imtiyaz Medal awarded by Mehmed V (30 April 1915)  Ottoman Empire: Silver Liakat Medal awarded by Mehmed V (1 September 1915)  Ottoman Empire: Golden Liakat Medal awarded by means of Mehmed V (17 January 1916)  Ottoman Empire: Second Class Knight Order of Osmanieh awarded by Mehmed V (1 February 1916)  Ottoman Empire: Second Class Knight Order of the Medjidie awarded via Mehmed V (12 December 1916)  Ottoman Empire: Golden Imtiyaz Medal awarded by means of Mehmed V (23 September 1917)  Ottoman Empire: First Class Knight Order of the Medjidie awarded by Mehmed V (16 December 1917)  Ottoman Empire: Gallipoli Star awarded by way of Mehmed VI (11 May 1918)  Turkey: Medal of Independence awarded by means of Grand National Assembly of Turkey (21 November 1923)  Turkey: Murassa Order awarded by way of Turkish Aeronautical Association (20 May 1925)Foreign honours  Kingdom of Bulgaria: Commander Grand Cross Order of Saint Alexander awarded by way of Ferdinand I (1915)  German Empire: Iron Cross of the German Empire awarded via Wilhelm II (1915)  Austria-Hungary: Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary) awarded by way of Franz Joseph I (1916)  Austria-Hungary: 2nd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary) awarded via Charles I (1916)  Austria-Hungary: third Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary) awarded via Franz Joseph I (27 July 1916)  German Empire: 1st Class Iron Cross of the German Empire awarded via Wilhelm II (1917)  German Empire: 2nd Class Iron Cross of the German Empire awarded via Wilhelm II (9 September 1917)  Kingdom of Prussia: 1st Class Order of the Crown Prussia awarded by way of Wilhelm II (1918)  Kingdom of Afghanistan: Alüyülala Order of Kingdom of Afghanistan awarded by means of Amānullāh Khān (27 March 1923)

See additionally

Atatürk and the Hagia Sophia Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo İleri newspaper Kemalism List of covers of Time mag (Twenties) – 24 March 1923 and 21 February 1927 List of deaths thru alcohol Nutuk Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Turkish War of Independence List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence Young Turks

Notes

^ Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى كمال پاشا‎He was once recognized for most of his lifetime as Mustafa Kemal, however is referred to on this article as Atatürk for readability reasons. ^ /ˈmʊstəfə kəˌmɑːl ˈætətɜːrk/ (concentrate); Turkish: [mustaˈfa ceˈmal aˈtatyɾc] ^ His birthday is unknown. 19 May–the day he landed to Samsun in 1919 to begin the nationalist resistance–is considered his symbolic birthday. It was additionally claimed that he was born in 1880. See Personal life of Atatürk § Birth date

References

^ Andrew Mango Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, Overlook Press, 2002, .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:assist.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em middle/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritISBN 978-1-58567-334-6, [1] ^ ID card from 1934 ^ ID card from 1935 ^ "Atatürk, Kemal", World Encyclopedia, Philip's, 2014, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001, ISBN 9780199546091, retrieved 9 June 2019 ^ Books, Market House Books Market House (2003), Books, Market House (ed.), "Atatürk, Kemal", Who's Who within the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001, ISBN 9780192800916, retrieved 9 June 2019 ^ a b Harold Courtenay Armstrong Gray Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator. page 225 ^ EINSTEIN AND ATATURK (Part 1), National Geographic Society Newsroom ^ Zürcher, Turkey: a contemporary history, 142 ^ Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe, second edition ^ Türkiye'nin 75 yılı, Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, pp. 48, 59, 250 ^ a b Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı & Spyros A. (2008). Tormented by means of history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780231700528. ^ a b c Toktaş, Şule (2005). "Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority". Journal of Historical Sociology. 18 (4): 394–429. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x. Retrieved 7 January 2013. ^ a b c Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (3 August 2012). Social members of the family in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915. Leiden: Brill. p. 300. ISBN 978-90-04-22518-3. ^ a b c Kieser, Hans-Lukas, ed. (2006). Turkey past nationalism: in opposition to post-nationalist identities ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). London: Tauris. p. 45. ISBN 9781845111410. Retrieved 7 January 2013. ^ Öktem, Kerem (2008). "The Nation's Imprint: Demographic Engineering and the Change of Toponymes in Republican Turkey". European Journal of Turkish Studies (7). doi:10.4000/ejts.2243. Retrieved 18 January 2013. ^ Aslan, Senem (29 December 2009). "Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (10). doi:10.4000/ejts.4142. Retrieved 16 January 2013. the Surname Law was once supposed to foster a way of Turkishness inside of society and prohibited surnames that had been related to overseas ethnicities and countries ^ "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Nüfus Hüviyet Cüzdanı. (24.11.1934)". www.isteataturk.com. Retrieved 26 June 2013. ^ "Turkey commemorates Atatürk on 78th anniversary of his passing". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ Jayapalan, N. (April 1999). Modern Asia Since 1900. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788171567515. ^ a b c "ATATURK: Creator of Modern Turkey". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ a b Landau, Jacob M. (1984). Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004070707. ^ Méropi Anastassiadou; Méropi Anastassiadou-Dumont (1997). Salonique, 1830–1912: une ville ottomane à l'âge des Réformes. BRILL. p. 71. ISBN 978-90-04-10798-4. ^ Cemal Çelebi Granda (2007). Cemal Granda anlatıyor. Pal Medya ve Organizasyon. ISBN 978-9944-203-01-2. ^ Andrew Mango Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, Overlook Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-58567-334-6, p. 25-27, p.27ff. – "Feyzullah's family is said to have come from the country near Vodina (now Edhessa in western Greek Macedonia). The surname Sofuzade, meaning 'son of a pious man', suggests that the ancestors of Zübeyde and Ali Rıza had a similar background. Cemil Bozok, son of Salih Bozok, who was a distant cousin of Atatürk and, later, his ADC, claims to have been related to both Ali Rıza's and Zübeyde's families. This would mean that the families of Atatürk's parents were interrelated. Cemil Bozok also notes that his paternal grandfather, Safer Efendi, was of Albanian origin. This may have a bearing on the vexed question of Atatürk's ethnic origin. Atatürk's parents and relatives all used Turkish as their mother tongue. This suggests that some at least of their ancestors had originally come from Turkey, since local Muslims of Albanian and Slav origin who had no ethnic connection with Turkey spoke Albanian, Serbo-Croat or Bulgarian, at least so long as they remained in their native land. But in looks Atatürk resembled local Albanians and Slavs.[...] But there is no evidence that either Ali Riza or Zübeyde was descended from such Turkish nomads." page 28; "It is much more likely that Atatürk inherited his looks from his Balkan ancestors.[...] But Albanians and Slavs are likely to have figured among his ancestors." ^ Mango, Andrew, Atatürk: the biography of the founder of contemporary Turkey, (Overlook TP, 2002), p. 27. ^ a b Jackh, Ernest, The Rising Crescent, (Goemaere Press, 2007), p. 31, Turkish mother and Albanian father ^ a b Isaac Frederick Marcosson, Turbulent Years, Ayer Publishing, 1969, p. 144. ^ Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 17. (in Turkish) ^ Vamık D. Volkan & Norman Itzkowitz, Ölümsüz Atatürk (Immortal Atatürk), Bağlam Yayınları, 1998, ISBN 975-7696-97-8, p. 37, dipnote no. 6 (Atay, 1980, s. 17) ^ Cunbur, Müjgân. Türk dünyası edebiyatçıları ansiklopedisi, 2. cilt (2004), Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı: "Babası Ali Rıza Efendi (doğ. 1839), annesi Zübeyde Hanımdır, baba dedesi Hafız Ahmet Efendi, 14–15. yy.da Anadolu'dan göç ederek Makedonya'ya yerleşen Kocacık Yörüklerindendir." ^ Kartal, Numan. Atatürk ve Kocacık Türkleri (2002), T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı: "Aile Selânik'e Manastır ilinin Debrei Bâlâ sancağına bağlı Kocacık bucağından gelmişti. Ali Rıza Efendi'nin doğum yeri olan Kocacık bucağı halkı da Anadolu'dan gitme ve tamamıyla Türk, Müslüman Oğuzların Türkmen boylarındandırlar." ^ Dinamo, Hasan İzzettin. Kutsal İsyan: Millî Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın Gerçek Hikâyesi, 2. cilt (1986), Tekin Yayınevi. ^ "Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – memorial museum in village Kodzadzik (Коџаџик) in Municipality Centar Zupa (Центар Жупа)". Macedonia Travel Blog. 24 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2018. ^ Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal, Birinci Cilt (1st vol.): 1881–1919, 14th ed., Remzi Kitabevi, 1997, ISBN 975-14-0212-3, p. 31. (in Turkish) ^ Anna Zadrożna (2017): Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context, Nationalities Papers, p. 9. DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1287690 ^ Gershom Scholem, "Doenmeh", Encyclopaedia Judaica, second ed.; Volume 5: Coh-Doz, Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale, 2007, ISBN 0-02-865933-3, p. 732. ^ Afet İnan, Atatürk hakkında hâtıralar ve belgeler, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1959, p. 8. ^ "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk". Turkish Embassy web site. Archived from the unique on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007. ^ Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Sınıf arkadaşım Atatürk: okul ve genç subaylık hâtıraları, İnkılâp ve Aka Kitabevleri, 1967, p. 6. Benim adım Mustafa. Senin adın da Musfata. Arada bir fark olmalı, ne dersin, senin adının sonuna bir de Kemal koyalım. ^ Mango, Atatürk, p. 37. ^ Bernd Rill: Kemal Atatürk. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985 ^ a b c d T. C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Ankara: Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, 1972, p. 1. (in Turkish) ^ Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 29. (in Turkish) ^ a b Falih Rıfkı Atay: Çankaya, Pozitif Yayınları, İstanbul, 2004 ISBN 975-6461-05-5 ^ Mango, ibid, p. 37. ^ a b T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Yayınları, ibid, p. 2. ^ D.V.Mikusch: Zwichen Europe und Asien (translation Esat Mermi Erendor), İkarus Yayınları, İstanbul, 1981 ISBN 978-605-5834-32-6 p. 67 ^ Patrick Kinross: Rebirth of a Nation (translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p.68 ^ "1910, Albania broke a major uprising. Minister of War, Shefqet Mahmut Pasha, was personally involved in its printing. For this purpose decided to call his war headquarters Qemali Mustafa who was known as one of the generals prepared and laid him drafting the plan of operations. Mustafa at this time was in the Fifth Army Headquarters in Salonica". Albania.dyndns.org. Retrieved 10 November 2012. ^ "Mustafa Atatürk had assisted in the military operation in Albania in 1910". Zeriyt.com. Archived from the unique on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012. ^ "1912 | Aubrey Herbert: A Meeting with Isa Boletini". Albanianhistory.net. Archived from the unique on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012. ^ Enstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien, 1912–1939 Von Michael Schmidt-Neke ^ "I remember well the meeting very interesting, I had casually with Mustafa Qemali in 1910, at the time, still a mere lieutenant". Albislam.com. Retrieved 10 November 2012. ^ KUJTIME nga: Eqrem Bej Vlora. 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PrintsAhmad, Feroz (1993). The Making of Modern Turkey. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07835-1. Armstrong, Harold Courtenay (1972). Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 978-0-8369-6962-7. Atillasoy, Yüksel (2002). Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic. Woodside, NY: Woodside House. ISBN 978-0-9712353-4-2. Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; Roux, Jean-Paul (1983). Mustafa Kemal et l. a. Turquie nouvelle (in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. ISBN 2-7068-0829-2. Barber, Noel (1988). Lords of the Golden Horn. London: Arrow. ISBN 978-0-09-953950-6. Barlas, Dilek (1998). Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939. New York: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-10855-4. Cleveland, William L (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4048-7. Crease, Robert P. (2019). "Kemal Atatürk: Science and Patriotism". The workshop and the sector: what ten thinkers can train us about science and authority. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 189–204. ISBN 978-0-393-29243-5. OCLC 1037807472. Doğan, Çağatay Emre (2003). Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in Nineteen Thirties: Nazilli Printing Factory (in Turkish). Ankara: Middle East Technical University. OCLC 54431696. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2011). Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography. New Jersey and Woodstock (Oxfordshire): Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15109-0. Huntington, Samuel P. (2006). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11620-5. İğdemir, Uluğ; Mango, Andrew (translation) (1963). Atatürk. Ankara: Turkish National Commission for UNESCO. pp. 165–170. OCLC 75604149. İnan, Ayşe Afet (2007). Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler (in Turkish). Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. ISBN 978-9944-88-140-1. İnan, Ayşe Afet; Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif (1998). Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazıları (in Turkish). Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. ISBN 978-975-16-1276-2. Kinross, Patrick (2003). Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-84212-599-1. OCLC 55516821. Kinross, Patrick (1979). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. Landau, Jacob M (1983). Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-86531-986-8. Lengyel, Emil (1962). They Called Him Atatürk. New York: The John Day Co. OCLC 1337444. Mango, Andrew (2002) [1999]. Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey (Paperback ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58567-334-6. Mango, Andrew (2004). Atatürk. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6592-2. Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003). Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. ISBN 978-92-808-1085-1. Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976–1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21280-9. Spangnolo, John (1992). The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani. Oxford: Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College. ISBN 978-0-86372-164-9. OCLC 80503960. Tunçay, Mete (1972). Mesaî : Halk Şûrâlar Fırkası Programı, 1920 (in Turkish). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi. OCLC 1926301. Tüfekçi, Gürbüz D (1981). Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy. Ankara: Pan Matbaacılık. OCLC 54074541. Yapp, Malcolm (1987). The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923. London; New York: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-49380-3. Webster, Donald Everett (1973). The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process within the Turkish Reformation. New York: AMS Press. ISBN 978-0-404-56333-2. Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6.JournalsEastham, J. Ok. (March 1964). "The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years". The Economic Journal. 74 (298): 132–136. doi:10.2307/2228117. ISSN 0013-0133. JSTOR 2228117. Emrence, Cem (2003). "Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panoramic Vision". Middle Eastern Studies. 39 (4): 67–80. doi:10.1080/00263200412331301787. ISSN 0026-3206. S2CID 144066199. Omur, Aslı (December 2002). "Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women". Turkish Times. 13 (312). ISSN 1043-0164. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007. Özelli, M. Tunç (January 1974). "The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic". 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External hyperlinks

Wikimedia Commons has media associated with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Wikiquote has quotations associated with: Mustafa Kemal AtatürkWorks about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at Open Library Works by means of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at Open Library Works by or about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at Internet Archive Works by or about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Newspaper clippings about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk within the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Atatürk within the Nazi Imagination - Harvard University PressMustafa Kemal Atatürk Offices held by way of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Military places of work Preceded throughAhmet İzzet Furgaç Commander of the Second ArmyMarch – July 1917 Succeeded byFevzi Çakmak Preceded byUnknown Commander of the Seventh ArmyJuly – October 1917 Succeeded by means ofFevzi Çakmak Preceded by way ofFevzi Çakmak Commander of the Seventh ArmyAugust – September 1918 Formation destroyed Preceded by means ofOtto Liman von Sanders Commander of Thunder Army GroupResidual elementsOctober – November 1918 Formation dissolved Political workplaces New nameState founded Prime Minister of Turkey25 April 1920 – 24 January 1921 Succeeded throughFevzi Çakmak New titleState founded Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923 Succeeded byFethi Okyar New identifyState founded President of Turkey29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938 Succeeded byİsmet İnönü Party political places of work New titleState based Leader of the Republican People's Party9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938 Succeeded byİsmet İnönü vte Presidents of TurkeyList · List by agePresidents Mustafa Kemal Atatürk İsmet İnönü Celâl Bayar Cemal Gürsel Cevdet Sunay Fahri Korutürk Kenan Evren Turgut Özal Süleyman Demirel Ahmet Necdet Sezer Abdullah Gül Recep Tayyip ErdoğanActing presidents Abdülhalik Renda İbrahim Şevki Atasagun Tekin Arıburun İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil Hüsamettin Cindoruk vte Prime ministers of TurkeyGovernment of the Grand National Assembly(1920–1923) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Fevzi Çakmak Rauf Orbay Fethi OkyarRepublic of Turkey(1923–2018) İsmet İnönü Fethi Okyar İsmet İnönü Celâl Bayar Refik Saydam Ahmet Fikri Tüzer Şükrü Saracoğlu Recep Peker Hasan Saka Şemsettin Günaltay Adnan Menderes Cemal Gürsel Fahri Özdilek İsmet İnönü Suat Hayri Ürgüplü Süleyman Demirel Nihat Erim Ferit Melen Naim Talu Bülent Ecevit Sadi Irmak Süleyman Demirel Bülent Ecevit Süleyman Demirel Bülent Ecevit Süleyman Demirel Bülent Ulusu Turgut Özal Ali Bozer Yıldırım Akbulut Mesut Yılmaz Süleyman Demirel Erdal İnönü Tansu Çiller Mesut Yılmaz Necmettin Erbakan Mesut Yılmaz Bülent Ecevit Abdullah Gül Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ahmet Davutoğlu Binali YıldırımItalics denote acting top ministers. vte Speakers of the Parliament of the Republic of TurkeyGrand National AssemblyBüyük Millet Meclisi(1920–1960) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Fethi Okyar Kâzım Özalp Abdülhalik Renda Kâzım Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy Şükrü Saracoğlu Refik KoraltanHouse of RepresentativesTemsilciler Meclisi(1961) Kâzım OrbayGrand National Assemblyin duration of BicameralismBüyük Millet MeclisiÇift Meclisli Dönemde(1961–1980)Senate of the RepublicCumhuriyet Senatosu Suat Hayri Ürgüplü Enver Aka Şevki Atasagun Tekin Arıburun Sırrı Atalay İhsan Sabri ÇağlayangilNational AssemblyMillet Meclisi Fuat Sirmen Ferruh Bozbeyli Sabit Osman Avcı Kemal Güven Cahit KarakaşConsultative AssemblyDanışma Meclisi(1981–1983) Sadi IrmakGrand National AssemblyBüyük Millet Meclisi(since 1983) Necmettin Karaduman Yıldırım Akbulut İsmet Kaya Erdem Hüsamettin Cindoruk İsmet Sezgin Mustafa Kalemli Hikmet Çetin Ömer İzgi Bülent Arınç Köksal Toptan Mehmet Ali Şahin Cemil Çiçek İsmet Yılmaz İsmail Kahraman Binali Yıldırım Mustafa Şentop vteLeaders of the Republican People's Party Mustafa Kemal Atatürk İsmet İnönü Bülent Ecevit Deniz Baykal Hikmet Çetin Deniz Baykal Altan Öymen Deniz Baykal Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu vteTurkish nationalismIdeology Turanism Pan-Turkism Turkification Idealism (Turkey) Sun Language Theory Kemalism Atatürk persona cult Racism Taksim Turkish Cypriot nationalism Nine Lights DoctrineOrganizations 9 September Front Association for Defence of National Rights Black Gang Deep State Grey Wolves Kuva-yi Milliye Turkish Revenge Brigade Turkish Hearths Turkish Resistance Organisation Youth Union of Turkey Wind UnitPoliticalevents Young Turks (Ottoman Empire) Committee of Union and Progress (Ottoman Empire) Republican People's Party (1923–1944) Nation Party (1948) Republican Villagers Nation Party Nation Party (1962) Nationalist Movement Party Nation Party (1992) Workers' Party (left-wing) Great Union Party Bright Turkey Party Independent Turkey Party Homeland Party People's Ascent Party Nationalist and Conservative Party Rights and Equality Party National Party Nationalist Turkey Party Patriotic Party (left-wing) İyi Party Ötüken Union PartyPeople Ziya Gökalp Talaat Pasha Enver Pasha Ömer Seyfettin Noman Çelebicihan Mehmet Emin Yurdakul Yusuf Akçura Ahmet Ağaoğlu Zeki Velidi Togan Rıza Nur Papa Eftim I Nihal Atsız Nejdet Sançar Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mahmut Esat Bozkurt Alparslan Türkeş Abulfaz Elchibey Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Gün Sazak Attilâ İlhan Doğu Perinçek Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu Kemal Kerinçsiz Osman Pamukoğlu Meral Akşener Yusuf Halaçoğlu Ümit ÖzdağHistoricalevents Adana massacre 1913 Ottoman coup d'état Greek genocide Armenian Genocide Assyrian Genocide Turkish War of Independence Elza Niego affair Zilan massacre 1934 Thrace pogroms Istanbul pogrom Battle of Tillyria 1957 arson attack at Tahtakale Expulsion of Istanbul Greeks Turkish Invasion of Cyprus Political violence in Turkey Maraş massacre Assassination of Kemal Türkler 1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt Assassination of Hrant Dink Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial Bombings 2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition attackPolicies Atatürk's reforms Geographical identify changes Loanword adjustments Animal identify changes 1934 Resettlement Law Varlık Vergisi The Twenty Classes Citizen, talk Turkish! Confiscation of Armenian assets Surname Law Article 301 How satisfied is the one who says I'm a Turk Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation Armenian Genocide denial Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez! vteSecularism in TurkeyLaws Atatürk's Reforms ConstitutionPeople andorganisations Young Turks Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mahmut Esat Bozkurt Falih Rıfkı Atay Aziz Nesin Muammer Aksoy Bahriye Üçok Cavit Orhan Tütengil Abdi İpekçi Turan Dursun Ahmet Taner Kışlalı Uğur Mumcu Necip Hablemitoğlu "White Turks" Association for the Support of Contemporary Living Association of Atheism Atatürkist Thought Association Republican People's Party vte Turkey subjectsHistoryOverview Renaissance (1400-1500) Conquest of Constantinople Early trendy duration (1500-1750) Sultanate of Women Köprülü era Tulip technology Late fashionable duration (1750-1923) Tanzimat Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 First Constitutional Era Second Constitutional Era Partition Contemporary duration (1923-present) War of Independence One-party length Multi-party lengthBy matter Constitutional Economic Empire Foreign members of the family 1814–1919 MilitarySociety and its environmentOverview Climate Boundaries Geology Landform areasBy matter Education Language reform Health and welfare Individual, family and gender members of the family LGBT rights Marriage Status of ladies Population Population distribution and settlement in Turkey Migration Government policies Religious lifeEconomyOverview Growth of the economy Development making plans Economic building Foreign financial relations Foreign business Regional economic integrationBy sector Agriculture Industry Construction Energy Mineral resources Services Banking and Finance Transportation and Telecommunications Airlines Railways TourismGovernment and politics The constitutional machine Provisions Electoral system Government Parliament President Council of Ministers Prime minister Judiciary Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Political Dynamics Political events Mass media Newspapers and periodicals Radio and television Foreign members of the familyNational security in Turkey External safety considerations Middle Eastern conflicts Syria Iran Greece and Cyprus Military Participation in NATO Defense spending Sources and quality of team of workers Education and coaching Air Force Navy Uniforms, ranks, and insignia Domestic arms industry Internal safety issues Kurdish separatism Armenian terrorism Islamists Police system National Police Gendarmerie Intelligence Services Individual rightsCulture Architecture Ottoman structure Art Cinema Cuisine wine Dance Festivals Folklore Languages Turkish Literature Media Newspapers Radio stations TV Music Names Theater Category Portal WikiProject vteParty leaders in TurkeyBefore 1960 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Kâzım Karabekir Fethi Okyar İsmet İnönü Nuri Demirağ Celâl Bayar Hikmet Bayur Adnan Menderes Osman Bölükbaşı Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu1960–80 Ekrem Alican Ragıp Gümüşpala Ahmet Oğuz Mehmet Ali Aybar Süleyman Demirel Alparslan Türkeş Turhan Feyzioğlu Hüseyin Balan Mustafa Timisi Fatih Erbakan Ferruh Bozbeyli Behice Boran Necmettin Erbakan Bülent Ecevit Kemal Satır1980–present Turgut Sunalp Turgut Özal Necdet Calp Erdal İnönü Ahmet Nusret Tuna Cezmi Kartay Yıldırım Avcı Ahmet Tekdal Hüsamettin Cindoruk Aydın Güven Gürkan Ülkü Söylemezoğlu Rahşan Ecevit Mehmet Yazar Necdet Karababa Yıldırım Akbulut Mesut Yılmaz Doğu Perinçek Tansu Çiller Murat Karayalçın Deniz Baykal Hikmet Çetin Devlet Bahçeli Recai Kutan Altan Öymen Ahmet Türk Recep Tayyip Erdoğan İsmail Cem İpekçi Zeki Sezer Yaşar Nuri Öztürk Masum Türker Süleyman Soylu Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu Numan Kurtulmuş Selahattin Demirtaş Ahmet Davutoğlu Binali Yıldırım Temel Karamollaoğlu Fatih Erbakan Authority keep watch over BIBSYS: 90197069 BNC: 000160182 BNE: XX882889 BNF: cb12055367s (information) CANTIC: a11581335 CiNii: DA03725848 GND: 118650793 ISNI: 0000 0001 2282 6864 LCCN: n80044800 LNB: 000129362 MBA: 86eae395-572b-4d81-84b7-4aaa957b206e NBL: 000217319 NDL: 00620292 NKC: jo20010084749 NLA: 35009723 NLG: 78264 NLI: 001786120, 000012870 NLK: KAC201710181 NLP: A11781269 NLR: [3] NSK: 000009268 NTA: 068926839 PLWABN: 9810596476305606 RERO: 02-A000013725 RSL: 000082905 SELIBR: 175902 SNAC: w6x06bk7 SUDOC: 028790952 S2AuthorId: 122016902 TDVİA: mustafa-kemal-ataturk Trove: 1445807, 788542, 1445808 VcBA: 495/27401 VIAF: 87758727 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n80044800 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk&oldid=1016381696"

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