According To The Cell Theory, Which Structure Contains...

Our bodies contain trillions of cells. In this article, we explain what they are and what happens inside. We also describe some of the many types of cell. Despite their differences, they often share certain structures; these are referred to as organelles (mini-organs). Below are some of the most importantAccording to the cell theory, which structure contains cells? blood. What do scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes have in common? Both require a vacuum. Through which microscope were cells first observed?Cell is defined as the structural and functional unit of living organisms made up of protoplasm containing nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and bounded by cell membrane. In 1855 Rudolf Virchow a German pathologist, had made a convincing case and added a third point to the cell theory.Quiz: The Cell Theory. 1. Who was the first person to see cells under the microscope and give them a name? 2. He discovered that all plants were made of cells, which contributed to the development of the cell theory: Anton van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Theodor Schwann Matthias Schleiden.According to cell theory, blood contains cells.

Cell Theory Flashcards - Questions and Answers | Quizlet

All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms. 753 views. (Note that since viruses are not made out of cells, according to cell theory viruses and other things that replicate autonomously such as prions are not...The cell is the smallest structural unit of a living organism. So, everything that we are able to do is possible because of the 10 trillion cells present in our body. Thereafter, over the next 175 years, several kinds of research were made which led to the formation of the cell theory that we know today.cell theory. Paolo Mazzarello. After the first observations of life under the microscope, it took two centuries of the 'cell theory', the idea that all living things are composed of cells or their products, was. cellular structure of cork according to Hooke (right) (reproduced from. Micrographia.Cell theory refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. 4. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization 4. Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division 5...

The Cell: Theory & Structure - HubPages

Other articles where Cell theory is discussed: zoology: Cellular and molecular biology: The so-called cell theory, which was enunciated He stated a number of premises that were not popular at the time. For example, according to his hypothesis, the earliest organisms were heterotrophic; i.e., they...Cell structure. Cells are microscopic building blocks of unicellular and multicellular living organisms. Bacterial cells have a more simple structure compared to animal, plant and fungal cells and are usually much smaller. They still have a cell membrane and ribosomes, but they lack organelles such...(The Cell Theory). 32 353 просмотра 32 тыс. просмотров. Cells are very small (microscopic) and they units of structure and function for living things. Cells contain hereditary material (DNA) which contains genetic information.Cell theory relates to stem cell research because all cells come from other cells. Stem cells also divide, become organ specific cells and have regenerative Cell theory refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. Development of this theory during the mid 1600s...Modern cell theory isn't all that modern when you understand how long ago it originated. With roots in the mid-17th century, multiple scientific scholars and researchers of the day contributed to the tenets of classical cell theory, which postulated that cells represent the basic building blocks of life; all life...

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Human cancer cells with nuclei (particularly the DNA) stained blue. The central and rightmost cell are in interphase, so the whole nuclei are classified. The cell on the left goes through mitosis and its DNA has condensed.

In biology, cell concept is the historic scientific idea, now universally approved, that dwelling organisms are made up of cells, that they're the fundamental structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that every one cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of replica.

The 3 tenets to the cell concept are as described underneath:

All residing organisms are composed of a number of cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. Cells stand up from pre-existing cells.

There is not any universally accepted definition of life. Some biologists consider non-cellular entities corresponding to viruses dwelling organisms,[1] and thus rather disagree with the first guiding principle.

History

With power improvements made to microscopes through the years, magnification technology complicated enough to uncover cells. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and started the medical study of cells, known as cell biology. When observing a piece of cork below the scope and he used to be able to see pores. This was once stunning at the time as it used to be believed no person else had seen these.To additional make stronger his principle, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann both studied cells of each animal and crops. What they came upon was once there have been vital differences between the two sorts of cells. This put forth the idea that cells weren't only elementary to vegetation, however animals as smartly.[2]

Microscopes

A reproduction of Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope from the 17th century with a magnification of 300x[3] Robert Hooke's microscope

Robert Hooke's microscope was a sport of Leeuwenhoek's microscope in the 17th century, aside from his used to be 300x magnification [30].The discovery of the cell was made imaginable through the invention of the microscope. In the first century BC, Romans had been in a position to make glass. They discovered that objects seemed to be larger beneath the glass. In Italy right through the twelfth century, Salvino D'Armate made a work of glass have compatibility over one eye, bearing in mind a magnification impact to that eye. The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century almost definitely led to wider spread use of simple microscopes (magnifying glasses) with limited magnification. Compound microscopes, which mix an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image attaining much upper magnification, first seemed in Europe round 1620. In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches lengthy with two convex lenses within and examined specimens underneath mirrored light for the observations in his book Micrographia. Hooke also used a more effective microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with without delay transmitted gentle, because this allowed for a clearer symbol.[4]

An in depth microscopic study was achieved by way of Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some level in his lifestyles ahead of 1668, he used to be able to learn how to grind lenses. This in the end led to Leeuwenhoek making his personal distinctive microscope. He made one with a single lens. He was once ready to use a unmarried lens that was once a small glass sphere however allowed for a magnification of 270x. This used to be a big development since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was once not a lot progress in microscope era until the 1850s, 2 hundred years later. Carl Zeiss, a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical high quality did not make stronger till the Eighteen Eighties when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe.[5]

Optical microscopes can center of attention on items the length of a wavelength or better, giving restrictions nonetheless to development in discoveries with items smaller than the wavelengths of seen mild. The building of the electron microscope in the Twenties made it conceivable to view items which are smaller than optical wavelengths, once once more opening up new chances in science.[5]

Discovery of cells

Drawing of the structure of cork via Robert Hooke that gave the impression in Micrographia.

Drawing of the structure of cork by way of Robert Hooke that gave the impression in Micrographia. The cell used to be first found out through Robert Hooke in 1665, which will also be discovered to be described in his book Micrographia. In this e book, he gave 60 'observations' in detail of various objects underneath a rough, compound microscope. One remark used to be from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a mess of tiny pores that he named "cells". This got here from the Latin phrase Cella, meaning 'a small room' like clergymen lived in and likewise Cellulae, which supposed the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke didn't know their real structure or function. What Hooke had concept were cells, had been actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes right through this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was once gazing. Therefore, he did not think the "cellulae" were alive. His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. In Micrographia, Hooke additionally seen mould, bluish in color, found on leather. After studying it under his microscope, he was not able to follow "seeds" that will have indicated how the mould was once multiplying in amount. This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous era, from both herbal or artificial heat, was the motive. Since this was an old Aristotelian principle nonetheless authorized at the time, others did not reject it and used to be no longer disproved until Leeuwenhoek later came upon that era was accomplished otherwise.[4]

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is any other scientist who noticed these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing stepped forward lenses that would enlarge gadgets virtually 300-fold, or 270x. Under those microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9, 1676, he states that motility is a high quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over time, he wrote many extra papers in which described many particular sorts of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named those "animalcules," which incorporated protozoa and different unicellular organisms, like micro organism. Though he did not have much formal schooling, he used to be ready to determine the first accurate description of pink blood cells and found out bacteria after gaining hobby in the sense of taste that ended in Leeuwenhoek to apply the tongue of an ox, then leading him to find out about "pepper water" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and people. Once discovering all these cells, Leeuwenhoek noticed that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to input the egg cell. This put an end to the earlier principle of spontaneous technology. After studying letters by Leeuwenhoek, Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that had been idea to be not likely by other contemporaries.[4]

The cells in animal tissues were seen after plants had been because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing, it was once difficult for such thin slices to be ready for finding out. Biologists believed that there was once a fundamental unit to life, however had been undecided what this was once. It would now not be until over a hundred years later that this basic unit used to be hooked up to mobile structure and lifestyles of cells in animals or crops.[6] This conclusion was once now not made until Henri Dutrochet. Besides stating "the cell is the basic part of organization",[7] Dutrochet additionally claimed that cells weren't only a structural unit, but in addition a physiological unit.

In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link had been awarded the prize for "solving the problem of the nature of cells", which means they had been the first to end up that cells had unbiased cell partitions by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft (Royal Society of Science), Göttingen.[8] Before, it have been concept that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this fashion.

Cell theory

Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881) Theodor Schwann (1810–1882)

Credit for growing cell theory is usually given to two scientists: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden.[9] While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward it. In 1839, Schleiden recommended that each and every structural part of a plant was once made up of cells or the results of cells. He also instructed that cells have been made through a crystallization procedure either inside of other cells or from the outdoor.[10] However, this was once no longer an original thought of Schleiden. He claimed this concept as his personal, although Barthelemy Dumortier had said it years before him. This crystallization procedure is not approved with fashionable cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that together with vegetation, animals are composed of cells or the manufactured from cells in their structures.[11] This used to be a significant development in the field of biology since little was once identified about animal structure up to this level in comparison to vegetation. From those conclusions about plants and animals, two of the 3 tenets of cell theory have been postulated.[6]

1. All dwelling organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. The cell is the most simple unit of existence

Schleiden's concept of unfastened cell formation via crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by way of Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow, and Albert Kolliker.[5] In 1855, Rudolf Virchow added the third guiding principle to cell concept. In Latin, this guiding principle states Omnis cellula e cellula.[6] This translated to:

3. All cells rise up simplest from pre-existing cells

However, the thought that all cells come from pre-existing cells had if truth be told already been proposed via Robert Remak; it has been instructed that Virchow plagiarized Remak and didn't give him credit score.[12] Remak printed observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn have been fallacious about era schemes. He as an alternative stated that binary fission, which was once first introduced by means of Dumortier, was once how copy of recent animal cells were made. Once this guideline was added, the classical cell concept was complete.

Modern interpretation

The in most cases authorized portions of recent cell principle include:

All known dwelling things are made up of a number of cells[13] All dwelling cells arise from pre-existing cells via division. The cell is the elementary unit of structure and serve as in all residing organisms.[14] The process of an organism will depend on the overall process of impartial cells.[15] Energy drift (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs inside cells.[16] Cells contain DNA which is located specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.[17] All cells are basically the similar in chemical composition in organisms of equivalent species.[16]

Modern version

The modern version of the cell idea includes the concepts that:

Energy drift occurs inside cells.[16] Heredity knowledge (DNA) is handed on from cell to cell.[16] All cells have the identical elementary chemical composition.[16]

Opposing concepts in cell theory: history and background

The cell was first came upon by way of Robert Hooke in 1665 the use of a microscope. The first cell principle is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this principle the inside contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly-like substance, often referred to as living jelly. At about the same time, colloidal chemistry started its construction, and the ideas of certain water emerged. A colloid being one thing between a solution and a suspension, where Brownian movement is enough to save you sedimentation. The concept of a semipermeable membrane, a barrier that is permeable to solvent however impermeable to solute molecules was once evolved at about the similar time. The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena learned, but it surely wasn't until 1877, when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane idea of cell body structure. In this view, the cell was once noticed to be enclosed by means of a thin floor, the plasma membrane, and cell water and solutes reminiscent of a potassium ion existed in a bodily state like that of a dilute resolution. In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic prohibit, the fee at which solutes entered the cells may well be estimated through the accompanying change in cell volume. He additionally found that there was once an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in purple blood cells and later confirmed that this includes water of hydration as well as to the protein and different nonsolvent elements of the cells.

Evolution of the membrane and bulk section theories

Two opposing ideas evolved inside the context of research on osmosis, permeability, and electrical properties of cells.[18] The first held that those houses all belonged to the plasma membrane whereas the different foremost view was once that the protoplasm used to be accountable for those houses. The membrane idea developed as a succession of ad-hoc additions and adjustments to the principle to conquer experimental hurdles. Overton ( cousin of Charles Darwin) first proposed the idea of a lipid (oil) plasma membrane in 1899. The main weakness of the lipid membrane was once the loss of an evidence of the high permeability to water, so Nathansohn (1904) proposed the mosaic theory. In this view, the membrane is not a natural lipid layer, but a mosaic of spaces with lipid and areas with semipermeable gel. Ruhland refined the mosaic concept to come with pores to permit additional passage of small molecules. Since membranes are normally much less permeable to anions, Leonor Michaelis concluded that ions are adsorbed to the partitions of the pores, converting the permeability of the pores to ions via electrostatic repulsion. Michaelis demonstrated the membrane potential (1926) and proposed that it was similar to the distribution of ions across the membrane.[19]

Harvey and Danielli (1939) proposed a lipid bilayer membrane coated on every side with a layer of protein to account for measurements of floor rigidity. In 1941 Boyle & Conway confirmed that the membrane of frog muscle used to be permeable to both Okay+ and Cl−, but it sounds as if now not to Na+, so the concept of electrical fees in the pores was once unnecessary since a unmarried critical pore length would provide an explanation for the permeability to Okay+, H+, and Cl− in addition to the impermeability to Na+, Ca+, and Mg2+. Over the similar time period, it used to be shown (Procter & Wilson, 1916) that gels, which shouldn't have a semipermeable membrane, would swell in dilute answers.

Loeb (1920) also studied gelatin widely, with and with no membrane, showing that extra of the homes attributed to the plasma membrane may well be duplicated in gels and not using a membrane. In explicit, he discovered that an electrical potential distinction between the gelatin and the out of doors medium might be evolved, in line with the H+ concentration. Some criticisms of the membrane idea advanced in the Nineteen Thirties, in line with observations corresponding to the talent of some cells to swell and build up their floor space by an element of 1000. A lipid layer cannot stretch to that extent without changing into a patchwork (thereby shedding its barrier houses). Such criticisms stimulated endured studies on protoplasm as the most important agent determining cell permeability houses.

In 1938, Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm isn't unfastened but in a chemically blended shape—the protoplasm represents a mix of protein, salt and water—and demonstrated the elementary similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels. Dimitri Nasonov (1944) considered proteins as the central components accountable for lots of houses of the cell, including electrical properties. By the Forties, the bulk phase theories were not as neatly evolved as the membrane theories. In 1941, Brooks & Brooks printed a monograph, "The Permeability of Living Cells", which rejects the bulk phase theories.

Emergence of the steady-state membrane pump idea

With the development of radioactive tracers, it was shown that cells aren't impermeable to Na+. This used to be difficult to provide an explanation for with the membrane barrier principle, so the sodium pump was proposed to continually take away Na+ because it permeates cells. This drove the concept that cells are in a state of dynamic equilibrium, repeatedly the usage of power to care for ion gradients. In 1935, Karl Lohmann found out ATP and its position as a supply of energy for cells, so the idea of a metabolically-driven sodium pump was proposed. The super luck of Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz in the construction of the membrane idea of mobile membrane potentials, with differential equations that modeled the phenomena as it should be, supplied much more toughen for the membrane pump speculation.

The fashionable view of the plasma membrane is of a fluid lipid bilayer that has protein parts embedded inside of it. The structure of the membrane is referred to now in nice element, including three-D fashions of many of the loads of various proteins which can be certain to the membrane. These main trends in cell physiology placed the membrane principle ready of dominance and stimulated the creativeness of maximum physiologists, who now apparently settle for the idea as fact—there are, alternatively, a few dissenters.

The reemergence of the bulk segment theories

In 1956, Afanasy S. Troshin published a book, The Problems of Cell Permeability, in Russian (1958 in German, 1961 in Chinese, 1966 in English) in which he discovered that permeability was of secondary significance in resolution of the patterns of equilibrium between the cell and its surroundings. Troshin showed that cell water decreased in answers of galactose or urea even supposing those compounds did slowly permeate cells. Since the membrane concept calls for an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage, those experiments forged doubt on the theory. Others questioned whether the cell has enough power to maintain the sodium/potassium pump. Such questions became much more pressing as dozens of latest metabolic pumps have been added as new chemical gradients were came upon.

In 1962, Gilbert Ling become the champion of the bulk segment theories and proposed his association-induction hypothesis of residing cells.

Types of cells

Main article: Cell sorts Prokaryote cell. Eukaryote cell.

Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories:

Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes are quite small cells surrounded by the plasma membrane, with a function cell wall that may vary in composition depending on the explicit organism.[20] Prokaryotes lack a nucleus (although they do have round or linear DNA) and other membrane-bound organelles (regardless that they do contain ribosomes). The protoplasm of a prokaryote contains the chromosomal area that looks as fibrous deposits below the microscope, and the cytoplasm.[20]Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes: Eukaryotes are the first of complicated cells, which have been labeled proto-eukaryotes. Over a time period those cells received a mitochondrial symbiont and later developed a nucleus. This among other changes, have posed as the vital distinction between the two.[21]

Animals have evolved a greater variety of cell varieties in a multicellular frame (100–A hundred and fifty other cell sorts), compared with 10–20 in crops, fungi, and protoctista.[22]

See additionally

Cell adhesion Cytoskeleton Cell biology Cellular differentiation Germ theory of disease Membrane fashions

References

^ Villarreal, Luis P. (August 8, 2008) Are Viruses Alive? Scientific American ^ National Geographic Society. (2019, May 22). "History of the Cell: Discovering the Cell". Retrieved November 05, 2020. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:assist.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"A glass-sphere microscope". Funsci.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010. ^ a b c Gest, H (2004). "The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, fellows of the Royal Society". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 58 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2004.0055. PMID 15209075. S2CID 8297229. ^ a b c Mazzarello, P. (1999). "A unifying concept: the history of cell theory". Nature Cell Biology. 1 (1): E13–5. doi:10.1038/8964. PMID 10559875. S2CID 7338204. Archived from the authentic on 2015-06-03. ^ a b c Robinson, Richard. "History of Biology: Cell Theory and Cell Structure". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 17 March 2014. ^ Dutrochet, Henri (1824) "Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la structure intime des animaux et des vegetaux, et sur leur motilite, par M.H. Dutrochet, avec deux planches" ^ Kalenderblatt Dezember 2013 – Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät – Universität Rostock. Mathnat.uni-rostock.de (2013-11-28). Retrieved on 2015-10-15. ^ Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company Inc. ^ Schleiden, M. J. (1839). "Beiträge zur Phytogenesis". Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin. 1838: 137–176. ^ Schwann, T. (1839). Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen. Berlin: Sander. ^ Silver, GA (1987). "Virchow, the heroic model in medicine: health policy by accolade". American Journal of Public Health. 77 (1): 82–8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82. PMC 1646803. PMID 3538915. ^ Wolfe ^ Wolfe, p. 5 ^ Müller-Wille, Staffan (2010). "Cell theory, specificity, and reproduction, 1837–1870". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 41 (3): 225–231. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2010.07.008. ISSN 1369-8486. PMC 4353839. PMID 20934643. ^ a b c d e "The modern version of the Cell Theory". Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ Wolfe, p. 8 ^ Ling, Gilbert N. (1984). In search of the bodily foundation of lifestyles. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0306414090. ^ Michaelis, L. (1925). "Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Membranes for Electrolytes". The Journal of General Physiology. 8 (2): 33–59. doi:10.1085/jgp.8.2.33. PMC 2140746. PMID 19872189. ^ a b Wolfe, p. 11 ^ Vellai, T; Vida, G (7 August 1999). "The origin of eukaryotes: the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1428): 1571–1577. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0817. PMC 1690172. PMID 10467746. ^ Margulis, L. & Chapman, M.J. (2009). Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth ([4th ed.]. ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 116.

Bibliography

Wolfe, Stephen L. (1972). Biology of the cell. Wadsworth Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-534-00106-3.

Further studying

Turner W (January 1890). "The Cell Theory Past and Present". J Anat Physiol. 24 (Pt 2): 253–87. PMC 1328050. PMID 17231856. Tavassoli M (1980). "The cell theory: a foundation to the edifice of biology". Am. J. Pathol. 98 (1): 44. PMC 1903404. PMID 6985772.

External hyperlinks

Mallery C (2008-02-11). "Cell Theory". Retrieved 2008-11-25. "Studying Cells Tutorial". 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-25.

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